RT Journal Article ID 38f23f9d585337b1 A1 Campanella, R. A1 Damiani, V. A1 Laforgia, D. T1 SPRAY VISUALIZATION AND HYDRAULIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HOLES OF A FIVE-HOLE, VALVE-COVERED-ORIFICE NOZZLE OF AN ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED DIESEL INJECTOR JF Atomization and Sprays JO AAS YR 1996 FD 1996-06-01 VO 6 IS 3 SP 257 OP 284 AB A study of the spray of a standard, five-hole, valve-covered-orifice (V.C.O.) nozzle for D.I. diesel engines has been carried out, several pictures of the spray coming from each hole have been taken using the back-light photography technique. Injected volume and duration, supply pressure, spray penetration, angle, and diameter, and flash delay from start of injection have been measured; each spray depends strongly on the needle lift. The causes of such differences have been attributed to the different inclination of the holes, the asymmetric feeding condition of the holes (due to the eccentricity between needle and nozzle), and the microdefects caused by the drilling operation. PB Begell House LK https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/6a7c7e10642258cc,52f2cbd0775a68d2,38f23f9d585337b1.html