RT Journal Article ID 7da12e55535a5e10 A1 Salisbury, Elizabeth A1 Sonnet, Corinne A1 Heggeness, Michael A1 Davis, Alan R. A1 Olmsted-Davis, Elizabeth T1 Heterotopic Ossification Has Some Nerve JF Critical Reviews™ in Eukaryotic Gene Expression JO CRE YR 2010 FD 2011-03-09 VO 20 IS 4 SP 313 OP 324 K1 heterotopic ossification K1 peripheral nervous system K1 BMP2 K1 neurogenic inflammation K1 sensory K1 sympathetic AB Heterotopic ossification, defined as the formation of bone in abnormal anatomic locations, can be clinically insignificant or devastating and debilitating, depending on the site and duration of new bone formation. There are many causes of heterotopic ossification (HO), including soft tissue trauma, central nervous system injury, vasculopathies, arthropathies, and inheritance. One of the least understood components of HO is the interaction of the peripheral nervous system with the induction of this process. Recent work has shown that, upon traumatic injury, a cascade of events termed neurogenic inflammation is initiated, which involves the release of neuropeptides, such as substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide. Release of these peptides ultimately leads to the recruitment of activated platelets, mast cells, and neutrophils to the injury site. These cells appear to be involved with both remodeling of the nerve, as well as potentially recruiting additional cells from the bone marrow to the injury site. Further, sensory neurons stimulated at the injury site relay local information to the brain, which can then redirect neuroendocrine signaling in the hypothalamus towards repair of the injured site. While numerous studies have highlighted the important role of nerve-derived signals, both central and peripheral, in the regulation of normal bone remodeling of the skeleton,1 this review focuses on the role of the local, peripheral nerves in the formation of heterotopic bone. We concentrate on the manner in which local changes in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) expression contribute to a cascade of events within the peripheral nerves, both sensory and sympathetic, in the immediate area of HO formation. PB Begell House LK https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/6dbf508d3b17c437,236270b917b07d7f,7da12e55535a5e10.html