Erscheint 6 Ausgaben pro Jahr
ISSN Druckformat: 1040-8401
ISSN Online: 2162-6472
Indexed in
Microbial Products and Cytokines in Sleep and Fever Regulation
ABSTRAKT
Excessive sleepiness and fever are constitutional symptoms associated with systemic infection. Although fevers have been investigated for many years, sleep responses to infectious challenge have only recently been investigated. Inoculation of animals with bacterial, viral, protozoan and fungal organisms result in complex sleep responses dependent upon the microbial agent and route of administration. The general pattern is characterized by an initial robust increase in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) followed by a period of NREMS inhibition. REMS is inhibited after infectious challenge. The sleep responses are accompanied by fever but the two responses are, in part, independent from each other. Sleep responses, like fevers, may be beneficial to host defense although this area is relatively uninvestigated. Microbial products likely responsible for sleep and fever responses include bacterial muramyl peptides and endotoxin, and viral double stranded RNA. These microbial products induce sleep and fever responses in animal models. The exact mechanism of how these structurally diverse microbial products elicit sleep and fever remain unknown; however these substances share the ability to induce cytokine production. Cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor, acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and interferon-α (IFN-α) are somnogenic whether given directly into brain or intravenously. Other cytokines lack somnogenic activity, e.g., IL-2, IL-6, IFNβ and basic FGF. The somnogenic actions of cytokines probably involve growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and nitric oxide. Anti-GHRH or inhibition of NO production inhibits normal sleep and inhibits IL-1-induced sleep. In conclusion, cytokines are likely key mediators of fever and sleep responses to infection. The microbial-cytokine altered sleep likely results from an amplification of physiological sleep mechanisms which include cytokines, several neuropeptides and neurotransmitters such as nitric oxide.
-
Szentirmai Éva, Kapás Levente, Nicotinic acid promotes sleep through prostaglandin synthesis in mice, Scientific Reports, 9, 1, 2019. Crossref
-
Saber Maha, Giordano Katherine R., Hur Yerin, Ortiz John B., Morrison Helena, Godbout Jonathan P., Murphy Sean M., Lifshitz Jonathan, Rowe Rachel K., Acute peripheral inflammation and post‐traumatic sleep differ between sexes after experimental diffuse brain injury, European Journal of Neuroscience, 52, 1, 2020. Crossref
-
Alonso I. Pamela, España Rodrigo A., Neurochemistry of sleep, in Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology, 2021. Crossref
-
Szentirmai Éva, Kapás Levente, Humoral and Other Sleep-Promoting Factors, in Pediatric Sleep Medicine, 2021. Crossref
-
Nault Stéphanie, Tremblay Sophie, Imane Roqaya, Al-Omar Sally, Nadeau Charlène, Samson Nathalie, Creuze Vincent, Carrault Guy, Pladys Patrick, Praud Jean-Paul, Cardiorespiratory alterations in a newborn ovine model of systemic viral inflammation, Pediatric Research, 2022. Crossref
-
Han Mengqi, Yuan Shiying, Zhang Jiancheng, The interplay between sleep and gut microbiota, Brain Research Bulletin, 180, 2022. Crossref