RT Journal Article ID 0de2f3dc2d69ef17 A1 Nakayama, Akira A1 Kuwahara, Fujio A1 Liu, Wei T1 A Macroscopic Model for Countercurrent Bioheat Transfer in a Circulatory System JF Journal of Porous Media JO JPM YR 2009 FD 2008-12-09 VO 12 IS 4 SP 289 OP 300 AB The volume averaging theory of porous media has been applied to obtain a general set of macroscopic governing equations for countercurrent bioheat transfer between terminal arteries and veins in the circulatory system. Capillaries providing a continuous connection between the countercurrent terminal arteries and veins are modeled, introducing the perfusion bleed-off rate. Three distinctive energy equations are derived for the arterial blood phase, venous blood phase, and tissue phase. It has been found that the resulting model, under appropriate conditions, naturally reduces to those introduced by Chato, Bejan, Weinbaum and Jiji, and others for countercurrent heat transfer for the case of closely aligned pairs of vessels. A useful expression for the longitudinal effective thermal conductivity for the tissue has been derived without dropping the perfusion source terms. The expression turns out to be quite similar to Bejan's and Weinbaum and Jiji's expressions. Furthermore, the effect of spatial distribution of perfusion bleed-off rate on total countercurrent heat transfer has been investigated in depth exploiting the present bioheat transfer model. PB Begell House LK https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/49dcde6d4c0809db,268d3bf03791f40f,0de2f3dc2d69ef17.html