RT Journal Article ID 44a5c2d4498f9566 A1 Liu, Chaoting A1 Calogero, Antonella A1 Ragona, Guiseppe A1 Adamson, Eileen A1 Mercola, Dan T1 EGR-1, The Reluctant Suppression Factor: JF Critical Reviews™ in Oncogenesis JO CRO YR 1996 FD 1996-04-30 VO 7 IS 1-2 SP 101 OP 126 K1 EGR-1. WTI K1 Spl K1 transforming growth factor β-l K1 transformation K1 cancer AB The transcription factor EGR-1 is a potential regulator of over 30 genes and plays a role in growth, development, and differentiation and, in addition, has significant transformation suppression activity. The regulatory properties are reviewed and a hypothesis for the transformation suppression activity is proposed. EGR-1 contains three "zinc-finger" motifs in the C-terminal portion of the molecule that constitute the DNA-binding domain and interact with the promoters by virtue of two classes of GC-rich elements: single GC-elements (GCEs) with the consensus 5'-T-G-C-G-T/g-G/A-G-G-C/a/t-G-G/T-3' and overlapping sites consisting of an Sp-1 binding site and the GCE consensus or close homolog of these sequences. The Wilm's tumor suppressor gene product WT1 interacts with the same GCE and. owing in part to four alternate splice products, interacts with a broader range of GC-rich elements with the consensus 5'-GNGNGGGNG-3' and 5'-TCCTCCTCCTCCTC-3'. WTI commonly but not invariably acts as repressor of transcription, whereas EGR-1, in the absence of overlapping Sp-1 binding sequences, is often an activator. The well-known rapid response of the EGR-1 gene following mitogenic stimulation together with the occurrence of GCEs in the promoters of many growth factors and protooncogenes suggests a role of EGR-1 in growth. Moreover, EGR-1 is constitutively expressed in several viral-transformed systems. On the other hand, studies of model and human tumor lines reveal that EGR-1 has significant growth and transformation suppression roles. Recent studies show that this effect can be accounted for by the ability of EGR-1 to induce the expression and secretion of TGF-β1, a potent growth suppressor of many cell types, by binding to a single GCE of the TGF-β1 promoter.
Although the effects of EGR-1 at overlapping Spl/EGR-1 DNA binding sites are not predictable, known cases fall into two loose groups. Sp1 is usually activating and increasing concentrations of EGR-1 lead to displacement that results in either inhibition of transactivation or EGR-1 -dependent transactivation. Moreover, recent studies suggest that displaced Spl binds to and activates the endogenous Egr-1 gene, thereby leading to "facilitated inhibition" of Spl function by the resulting increased EGR-1. This effect may augment the growth suppressive function of EGR-1 based on induction of TGF-βl. PB Begell House LK https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/439f422d0783386a,46d8d32824d58a2a,44a5c2d4498f9566.html