Begell House Inc.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
IJM
1521-9437
10
3
2008
Development of the World Mushroom Industry: Applied Mushroom Biology and International Mushroom Organizations
195-208
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i3.10
Shu-Ting
Chang
Department of Biology, Centre for International Services to Mushroom Biotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
John A.
Buswell
Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
Due in large part to a continually increasing world population, humankind, particularly in developing countries, is facing three basic problems that are daily growing more acute: a shortage of food, a reduction in the quality of health, and environmental deterioration. This overview considers the concepts of applied mushroom biology and the international mushroom movement, and their respective contributions to the development of the world mushroom industry and its links with global business. Applied mushroom biology represents a new discipline concerned with research, development, and initiatives (R, D, and I) related to the mushroom industry. The international mushroom movement is a framework that embraces the complementarities and interconnectedness of the four main international mushroom organizations. The multidimensional nature of the global mushroom industry, its role in addressing the critical issues faced by humankind, and the positive contributions it offers to human welfare are evaluated and presented.
Diversity and Use of Traditional Mexican Medicinal Fungi. A Review
209-217
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i3.20
Gastón
Guzmán
Instituto de Ecologia, Apartada Postal 63, Xalapa, Veracruz 91000, Mexico
In this review, more than 70 species of medicinal mushrooms from Mexico, which can help treat over 40 illnesses or health problems, are discussed. Among the latter, anxiety and rejuvenation are considered, as well as traditional beliefs about the evil eye or hearing the voice of a specific person. This article is based on an extensive bibliographic review, as well as the inclusion of field work done by the author during several years of study in Mexico. Schizophyllum commune, several species of Pleurotus and Ustilago maydis, as well as some lichens, are the most important medicinal fungi considered for the treatment of specific illnesses or health problems. Many medicinal mushrooms are also edible and are currently sold in the marketplace. Amanita muscaria is the only toxic mushroom used in traditional medicine, as well as some hallucinogenic species of the genus Psilocybe.
Medicinal Value of the Caterpillar Fungi Species of the Genus Cordyceps (Fr.) Link (Ascomycetes). A Review
219-234
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i3.30
John
Holliday
Aloha Medicinals, Inc.,
2300 Arrowhead Dr., Carson City, NV 89706, USA
Matt P.
Cleaver
Aloha Medicinals Inc., Carson City, NV 89706, USA
This review looks in depth at the history and medicinal value of the Cordyceps species, especially C. sinensis. The C. sinensis medicinal species, with a long history of use, has only been found growing from the head of one type of subterranean caterpillar, at high altitudes, in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Because of this highly specific growth environment and restricted geographical distribution, C. sinensis has a long reputation of being the single-most expensive raw material used in Oriental Medicine. Due to environmental and ecological factors, the annual harvest has been steadily declining, while at the same time the worldwide demand has been increasing. This situation has driven Cordyceps spp. prices into an ever-increasing spiral over the last few years, driving research to determine ways of cultivating it to make it a more affordable material for commercial trade. Part of the goal of this research has been to understand the complex biological niche such an organism fills. This is a mushroom that is only found in cohabitation with the larvae of an insect, and it is this unique growth parameter that has made it challenging to produce Cordyceps spp. in artificial cultivation. Further complicating this cultivation issue is the rarefied atmosphere, mineral-rich soil, and low temperature in which Cordyceps naturally grows, resulting in a unique profile of secondary metabolites possessing interesting biological potential for medical exploitation, but which are not readily reproduced in normal laboratory cultivation. In this article, we attempt to unravel many of the mysteries of Cordyceps spp., detailing the history, medicinal uses, chemical composition, and cultivation of Cordyceps spp., with special attention to C. sinensis, the world's most costly medicinal mushroom.
Immunomodulation Activity of a Polysaccharide Fraction of a Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Pleurotus citrinopileatus Singer (Agaricomycetideae), in Vitro
235-244
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i3.40
Ken-ichiro
Minato
School of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Miyagi University, Sendai 982-0215, Japan
The hot water soluble extract of Pleurotus citrinopileatus (HWE-P) induced high expression of mRNA of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which is a proinflammatory cytokine, in the stimulated murine macrophage RAW264. However, unlike lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the extract did not induce the expression of mRNA in other cytokines, such as in IL-12 and IL-10. TNF-α production, which was induced from RAW264 stimulated with HWE-P (1 mg·mL−1), was approximately 400 pg·mL−1. These findings showed that the fruiting body of P. citrinopileatus stimulated an early immunological response of a murine macrophage. Furthermore, we chromatographically separated and purified an active fraction from the crude extract of P. citrinopileatus and measured its immunomodulating activity in cytokine production from the stimulated macrophages. This crude extract was separated into six fractions (HWE-P-I, II, III, IV, V, and VI) by anion exchange chromatography using DEAE-Sepharose gel. Then it was found that the HWE-P-IV fraction, which possessed a molecular mass approximately 450 kDa, showed the strongest immunomodulating activity in TNF-α production (4.9 ng·mL−1) from the macrophages. This fraction was mainly composed of a sugar. Moreover, production of nitric oxide (NO) was detected in the macrophages stimulated with this fraction. The amount of NO produced from stimulated RAW264 was 33.8 μ;M. These results indicate that a polysaccharide fraction from P. citrinopileatus possesses a potent immunomodulating activity. Thus, this culinary-medicinal species could become an effective component of a functional food.
Antioxidant Properties of Several Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms during Postharvest Storage
245-253
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i3.50
Sheng-Hua
Lo
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
Four culinary-medicinal mushrooms—Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach, Pleurotus eryngii (DC.: Fr.) Quél., P. ferulae (DC.: Fr) Quél., and P. ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) P. Kumm. (gray strain)—were stored at 4°C for 9 days, and the antioxidant properties of their ethanolic extracts were studied. At day 0, four species of mushrooms showed effective antioxidant properties as evidenced by their low EC50 values (less than 3, 9, 6, and 7 mg/mL for antioxidant activity, reducing power, scavenging ability on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals, and chelating ability on ferrous ions, respectively). But their antioxidant properties significantly decreased with storage time. At day 6, EC50 values in antioxidant activity, reducing power, scavenging ability, and chelating ability were 3.12−7.35, 9.19−14.59, 3.70−8.08, and 3.99−9.79 mg/mL, respectively. Total phenols were the major antioxidant components in ethanolic extracts (6.71−7.91 mg/g). Based on the results obtained, mushrooms were recommended to store at 4°C for up to 6 days.
Antiproliferative Effects of Sclerotial Polysaccharides from Polyporus rhinocerus Cooke (Aphyllophoromycetideae) on Different Kinds of Leukemic Cells
255-264
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i3.60
Connie K. M.
Lai
Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
Ka-Hing
Wong
Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
Peter Chi Keung
Cheung
Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
Mushroom polysaccharides isolated from fruiting bodies are known for their antitumor activities, whereas those from mushroom sclerotia are not. A hot water- (PR-HW) and a cold alkaline (PR-CA)-soluble polysaccharide isolated from a novel mushroom sclerotium, Polyporus rhinocerus Cooke, were characterized to be a polysaccharide-protein complex and a glucan, respectively. Their in vitro antitumor activities against different leukemic cell lines were investigated. PR-HW demonstrated significant growth inhibition of human acute promyelocytic leukemic cells (HL-60), chronic myelogenous leukemia cells (K562), and human acute monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1) in vitro, whereas PR-CA showed no such inhibition. Flow cytometric analysis has shown that the antiproliferative effect of PR-HW on HL-60 was mediated by cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, which subsequently led to apoptosis. This suggests that structural differences in PR-HW and PR-CA greatly affects their antitumor activities.
Antimicrobial Activity of Two Species of the Genus Trametes Fr. (Aphyllophoromycetideae) from Nigeria
265-268
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i3.70
Lauretta N.
Ofodile
Department of Biological Science, School of Science, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
Monnique S. J.
Simmons
RoyaI Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
Renee J.
Grayer
RoyaI Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
N. U.
Uma
Department of Botany/Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
Two species of the genus Trametes (T. marianna and T. cingulata) from Nigeria were screened for antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas syringae, Bacillus subtilis, and Cladosporium herbarum using the thin layer chromatography agar overlay method. None of the solvent extracts (n-hexane/diethyl ether, chloroform/acetone, and methanol) were active against Cladosporium herbarum, but all the solvent extracts inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas syringae and Bacillus subtilis. Preliminary chemical analysis of the extracts of both Trametes species showed that they contained phenolics and compounds that stained with blue-violet when sprayed with anisaldehyde in sulphuric acid. The profiles of the compounds in the extracts of the two species were very similar.
Enzyme-Based Scavengers and Lipid Peroxidation in Some Wild Edible Agaricales s.l. Mushrooms from Mug la (Turkey)
269-277
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i3.80
Fadime Yilmaz
Ersel
Mugla University, Ula Ali Koçman Vocational High School, Program of Fungi, Mugla, Turkey
Levent
Cavas
Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, 35160, Kaynaklar Campus, Izmir, Turkey
Antioxidant enzyme activities, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and lipid peroxidation levels (LPO), were investigated in 10 wild edible Agaricales s.l. mushroom species from four families (Boletaceae, Hygrophoraceae, Lepiotaceae, and Tricholomataceae) from Mugla (Turkey). Highest SOD activities in stipes and pilei were observed in Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus as 10.8 ± 3.0 and 8.0 ± 3.0 IU/mg protein, respectively. Maximum CAT activity was found in the stipe of Lepiota mastoidea as 13.5 ± 1.5 IU/mg protein. The other peroxidase, GSH-Px, was highest in stipes of H. olivaceoalbus as 1.1 ± 0.2 IU/mg protein. The highest LPO level was found in the stipe of Clitocybe alexandri as 127.0 ± 8.1 nmol MDA/g wet weight. Correlation analyses showed that there was a significant correlation (r = 0.627, p < 0.05) between SOD and LPO levels in stipes. On the other hand, we also observed a significant correlation between SOD in stipes and GSH-Px in pilei (r = 0.696, p < 0.05) and between CAT in stipes and LPO in pilei (r = 0.885, p < 0.001) of mushrooms. These results may show that whereas LPO levels were effected by SOD activities in stipes, SOD in stipes also affected the GSH-Px activities in pilei.
The Influence of Cultivation Conditions on Mycelial Growth and Exopolysaccharide Production of Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom Pleurotus citrinopileatus Singer (Agaricomycetideae)
279-292
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i3.90
Chiu-Yeh
Wu
Department of Culinary Arts, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhua, Changhua 510, Republic of China
The effects of submerged culture conditions on the mycelial growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by Pleurotus citrinopileatus in submerged culture were studied. Using the one-factor-at-a-time method, the suitable rotation speed and inoculation density for the mycelial biomass and EPS production were found to be 100 rpm and 10%, respectively. The medium volume, carbon and nitrogen sources were 100 mL fructose and soy peptone for the mycelial growth and 50 mL glucose and peptone for the EPS production. To study the interactions between glucose (1.32−4.68 g/100 mL), peptone (0.32−3.68 g/100 mL), and initial pH (3.32−6.68), the central composite rotatable design and response surface methodologies were used. The trials were performed in 250-mL flasks containing 50 mL of medium under the condition of 25°C and 100 rpm for 14 days. The components were found to be 3.50 g glucose/100 mL, 3.68 g peptone/100 mL, and initial pH 5.0, and the mycelial biomass of 1.34 g dry cell weight/100 mL and EPS of 64.20 mg/100 mL were obtained in submerged cultures, which were higher than those obtained in the basal medium, respectively. In a 5-L stirred-tank bioreactor, maximum mycelial biomass of 1.10 g dry cell weight/100 mL and EPS of 90 mg/100 mL were achieved, and the fermentation time was shortened from 14 days to 10 days under these cultivation conditions.
2nd African Conference on Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms.Mushrooms: The Key to Food, Health and Environmental Security (November 2008, Ghana)
294
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i3.100
November 17−21, 2008
Novotel Hotel, Accra City Center, Accra, Ghana
You are invited to the 2nd African Conference on Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms (ACEMM), organized by the African Society for Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms, Accra Polytechnic and CSIR-Food Research Institute, Accra.
This conference will be a scientific and culturally rich fun event!
www.asemm.org/accra2008
Who should attend:
Mycologists, Microbiologists & Mushroom enthusiasts
Doctors, Nutritionists & Healers
Policy makers & Govt. ministries
NGOs & Rural development agencies
Ecologists, Bioremediators, Biotechnologists & Environmental experts
Mushroom farmers & marketers
Agribusiness specialists
Topics to be covered
Ethnomycology
Mushroom cultivation
Medicinal properties and pharmacology of active compounds
Mushroom based supplements (nutriceuticals)
Fungal physiology, biochemistry and genetics
Mycoremediation (Fungi mediated bioremediation)
Biodegradation & bioconversion of agricultural wastes
Systematics, taxonomy, distribution, ecology & diversity
The 5th International Medicinal Mushroom Conference (June 2009, P.R. China)
295-298
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i3.110
18−21 June 2009 Nantong, China
The international movement for the medicinal mushroom industry marked an important milestone when Begell House Publisher (USA) launched the International Journal of Medicinal Mushroom (IJMM) in 1999. Solomon P. Wasser is the current Editor-in-Chief of the IJMM. The inaugural International Medicinal Mushroom Conference (IMMC) was held in Kiev, Ukraine, in 2001. Afterwards, it was agreed to hold an international conference of medicinal mushrooms every two years. The IMMC2 was held in Pattaya, Thailand, in 2003; IMMC3 was held in Port Townsend, USA, and the IMMC4 was held in Ljubljana, Slovenia, in 2007. The IMMC5 will be held in Nantong, China, in 2009.
The city of Nantong, situated in the central section of China's Coastline and on the northern flank of the developed Yangze River Delta, is the only city of Jiangsu province facing the Yangze River and the Yellow Sea.
Nantong has a prosperous economy, outstanding regional conditions, profound culture, and prospective future development. Nantong is known as the Home of Longevity and is one of the three places where Chinese people enjoy the longest lifespan. Known for its healthy, scenic, comfortable, and harmonious environment, this beautiful spot along the river has won a provincial award for high-quality living.
Organized by:
Mycological Society of China
China Chamber of Commerce of Import and Export of Foodstuffs Native Produce and Animal By-Products
Nantong Municipal People's Government
Co-organized by
Nantong Economic & Technological Development Area Administration Committee
Jiangsu Alphay Bio-Technology Co., Ltd.
Jiangsu Institute of Microbiology Co., Ltd.
Local Organizing Committee:
Add: No.68-A Zhongyang Road,
Nantong, Jiangsu, China. P.C.:226009
Tel: +86-513-85327268
Fax: +86-513-85327269
E-mail: immc5@hotmail.com
Website: www.immc5.com