Begell House Inc.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
IJM
1521-9437
11
4
2009
Mycelial Submerged Culture of New Medicinal Mushroom, Humphreya coffeata (Berk.) Stey. (Aphyllophoromycetideae) for the Production of Valuable Bioactive Metabolites with Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity, and Antioxidant Activity
335-350
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v11.i4.10
Sandra M.
Porras-Arboleda
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellin, Calle 59A No 63 - 20, Medellin; Universidad EAFIT, Carrera 49 #7 sur 50, A.A. 3300, Medellin, Colombia
Norma A.
Valdez-Cruz
Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 510-3, Cuernavaca, CP. 62250 Morelos
Benjamin
Rojano
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellin, Calle 59A No 63 - 20, Medellin, Colombia
Cecilia
Aguilar
Departamento de Biologia Molecular y Biotecnologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, México, D.F., CP. 04510
Leticia
Rocha-Zavaleta
Departamento de Biologia Molecular y Biotecnologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, México, D.F., CP. 04510
Mauricio
Trujillo-Roldan
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
medicinal mushrooms
Humphreya coffeata
submerged culture
exopolysaccharides
genotoxicity
cytotoxicity
antioxidant activity
The mycelial submerged culture of the Colombian mushroom Humphreya coffeata, the production of exopolysaccharides (EPS), and the evaluation of the supernatant components in terms of bioactivity were investigated. Three carbon sources, three concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources, and three pH values were evaluated. The optimal source was lactose (over sucrose and glucose), and the maximal biomass and EPS concentrations (15.5 g/L and 6.9 g/L, respectively) were obtained using lactose at 50 g/L, yeast extract 10 g/L, and an initial pH of 4.5. The cytotoxic, proliferative, genotoxic, and antioxidant activities were evaluated in lyophilized culture filtrates. Cytotoxicity was analyzed on human nontumorigenic keratinocytes (HaCaT), two human epithelial cell lines of cervical cancer (HeLa and InBl), and one lymphoma cell line (Jurkat). None of the filtrate concentrations that showed a cytotoxic effect on Jurkat cells (250-2500 μg/mL) were toxic for control HaCat cells and cervical cancer (HeLa and InBl). Furthermore, DNA damage was observed at a high extract concentration (2500 μg/mL), and genoprotection was observed using the lowest concentration tested (250 μg/mL). In addition, antioxidant activity was observed via the superoxide anion and the DPPH scavenging. This suggests that H. coffeata extracts can repress initiation and/or break the chain of oxidation reactions.
Anticancer Effect of Fraction Isolated from Medicinal Birch Polypore Mushroom, Piptoporus betulinus (Bull.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae): In Vitro Studies
351-364
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v11.i4.20
Marta Kinga
Lemieszek
Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
Ewa
Langner
Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine; and Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skіodowska University, Lublin, Poland
Jozef
Kaczor
Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin
Martyna
Kandefer-Szerszen
Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin
Bozena
Sanecka
Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, Al. Powstanców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów
Witold
Mazurkiewicz
Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, Al. Powstanców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów
Wojciech
Rzeski
Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland; Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
Piptoporus betulinus
Birch polypore
proliferation
migration
apoptosis
necrosis
anticancer activity
medicinal mushrooms
Piptoporus betulinus (Bull.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Fomitopsidaceae) has been commonly used in folk medicine as an antiparasitic and antimicrobial agent in the treatment of wounds and for the treatment of rectal cancer and stomach diseases. Tea obtained from this mushroom has antibacterial, antifatiguing, immunoenhancing, and soothing properties. The purpose of the present study was the evaluation of in vitro anticancer activity of fraction isolated from P. betulinus. The effect on cell proliferation, motility, and viability was assessed in a range of cancer and normal cells. P. betulinus fraction prepared from dried fruiting bodies was subjected to anticancer evaluation in human lung carcinoma (A549), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), and rat glioma (C6) cell cultures. Human skin fibroblasts (HSF), bovine aorta endothelial cells (BAEC), models of rat oligodenrocytes (OLN-93), hepatocytes (Fao), rat astroglia, and mouse neurons (P19) were applied to test toxicity in normal cells. The following methods were applied: tumor cell proliferation (MTT assay and BrdU assay), cytotoxicity (LDH assay), tumor cell motility (wound assay), tumor cell morphology (May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining), and death detection (ELISA). P. betulinus fraction elicited anticancer effects that were attributed to decreased tumor cell proliferation, motility, and the induction of morphological changes. Of note is the fact that it produced no or low toxicity in tested normal cells.
Anti-inflammatory and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Polysaccharide−Protein Complex Isolated from Phellinus rimosus (Berk.) Pilát (Aphyllophoromycetideae)
365-373
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v11.i4.30
Chakrapully R.
Meera
Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur-680 555
Balan
Nitha
Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur-680 555
Ram A.
Vishwakarma
Medical Chemistry Group, Nicholas Piramal Research Centre, Nirolon Complex, Goregaon (E), Mumbai-400 063
Kainoor Krishnankutty
Janardhanan
Amala Cancer Research Centre, Thrissur 680555,India
anti-inflammatory activity
antioxidant activity
medicinal mushrooms
Phellinus rimosus
polysaccharide-protein complex
Phellinus rimosus (Berk.) Pilát is a polypore mushroom found growing on jackfruit trees (Atrocarpus heterophyllus) in Kerala, India. Our previous investigations have demonstrated a variety of biological activities of this species. In this article, we report the anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activities of a polysaccharide−protein complex (PPC-Pr) isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ph. rimosus. The PPC-Pr was isolated from the hot water extract by solvent precipitation, depro-teinization, dialysis, and freeze drying. The anti-inflammatory activity of PPC-Pr was determined by carrageenan- and dextran-induced acute and formalin-induced chronic inflammatory models. The free radical scavenging activity of PPC-Pr was determined by evaluating superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide, and 1,1-diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities; inhibition of lipid peroxidation; and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The PPC-Pr showed 75.24% and 88.28% inhibition of acute and 65.74% inhibition of chronic inflammation when treated at a concentration of 50 mg/kg body weight. PPC-Pr also showed significant hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (IC50: 430.0 ± 5.0) and lipid peroxidation-inhibiting activity (IC50: 253.3 ± 7.6). The results thus reveal that PPC-Pr possesses profound anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activities. The findings suggest the potential therapeutic use of the polysaccharide−protein complex (PPC-Pr) isolated from Ph. rimosus.
Liperoxidation and Cyclooxygenase Enzyme Inhibitory Compounds from the Lipophilic Extracts of Some Culinary-Medicinal Higher Basidiomycetes Mushrooms
375-382
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v11.i4.40
Thushara
Diyabalanage
Bioactive Natural Products and Phytoceuticals, Department of Horticulture and National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
VANISREE
MULABAGAL
AUBURN UNIVERSITY,Bioactive Natural Products and Phytoceuticals, Department of Horticulture and National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
Gary L.
Mills
Gourmet Mushrooms Inc., Scottville, Michigan
David L.
DeWitt
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
Muraleedharan G.
Nair
Bioactive Natural Products and Phytoceuticals Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
medicinal mushrooms
Pholiota nameko
Lentinus edodes
Pleurotus ostreatus
glyco-sphingolipid
cyclooxygenase enzyme
lipid peroxidation
We have determined the bioactive constituents in the higher Basidiomycetes edible mushrooms Pholiota nameko, Lentinus edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus using in vitro lipid peroxidation (LPO) and cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX) inhibitory assays. Ethyl acetate extract of nameko was the most active against LPO, with an inhibition value of 81% at 250 μg/mL. Shiitake and oyster mushroom extracts inhibited LPO by 39% and 52%, respectively, at 250 μg/mL. In the COX assay, the ethyl acetate extracts of nameko, shiitake, and oyster mushrooms inhibited COX-1 and -2 enzymes by 39%, 34%, and 54% and 87%, 92%, and 75%, respectively, at 250 μg/mL. A bioassay-guided purification yielded linoleic acid (1), ergosterol (2), ergosterol peroxide (3), and a glycosphingolipid (4) along with a glyceride fraction (GF), as confirmed by spectroscopic methods. All three mushrooms have shown the presence of compounds 1 and 3 as common constituents. Compound 2 was isolated from both nameko and shiitake mushrooms. Compound 4 was isolated from shiitake and oyster mushrooms. The GF obtained from oyster mushrooms inhibited LPO by 92% and COX-1 and -2 enzymes by 43% and 92%, respectively, at 25 μg/mL.
Antioxidant Properties of Polysaccharides from the Willow Bracket Medicinal Mushroom, Phellinus igniarius (L.) Quél. (Aphyllophoromycetideae) in Submerged Culture
383-394
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v11.i4.50
Jie-Chung
Tsai
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Xinfeng, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30401, R.O.C.
Ming-Yeou
Lung
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsin Fong, Hsin Chu, Taiwan 304, R.O.C.
Phellinus igniarius
medicinal mushrooms
intracellular polysaccharide
exopolysaccharide
antioxidant activity
Investigated were antioxidant properties of intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) obtained respectively from mycelia and filtrates of submerged culture by Phellinus igniarius in a stirred-tank bioreactor. Also examined were superoxide and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activities, chelating ability, reducing power, and antioxidant activity (AOA) by IPS and EPS. The high number average molecular weights of EPS (835 kDa) and IPS (574 kDa) were obtained, and their protein/polysaccharide ratios of IPS and EPS are equivalent (1.80%) by Ph. igniarius submerged culture. Low EC50 values below 5 mg/mL were relied upon as evidence that EPS possessed good antioxidant activity, scavenging effect on DPPH radicals, chelating effect on ferrous ions, and scavenging effect on superoxide anions, whereas IPS exhibited good reducing power, chelating effect on ferrous ions and scavenging effect on superoxide anions. The positive results of this research may lead to the development of a potential polysaccharide-related antioxidant for treating human disease.
Antioxidant and Antigenotoxicity Activities of Extracts from Liquid Submerged Culture of Culinary-Medicinal Ferula Oyster Mushroom, Pleurotus eryngii (DC.) Quél. var. ferulae (Lanzi) Sacc. (Agaricomycetideae)
395-408
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v11.i4.60
Shu-Hui
Hu
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Juang-Lin
Lien
Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, No. 142, Haijhuan Rd., Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 807
Shu-Ling
Hsieh
Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Fooyin University, Ta-liao Shiang, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 831
Jinn-Chyi
Wang
Department of Food Science and Technology, Tajen University, Shin-Erh Village, Yen-Pu Shiang, Pingtung, Taiwan
Sue-Joan
Chang
Department of Life Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 701
medicinal mushrooms
Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae
antigenotoxicity
antimutagenicity
antioxidant
Ames test
rec-assay
The ferula oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae) is medicinal, edible, and delicious. Response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal conditions for the production of P. eryngii var. ferulae biomass in liquid submerged culture. Lyophilized mycelium was subjected to two water extracts and two elutes through column chromatography using methanol-ethyl acetate-dichloromethane (referred to as EAM and CHE, respectively). In addition, the crude protein and water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted from the cultured broth. Six samples were tested to explore their antigenotoxicity with the Ames test and a rec-assay, as well as antioxidant activities in in vivo and in vitro tests. EAM had the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging activity and ferric-reducing ability. Moreover, hamster serum showed the highest activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase after EAM was administered at a dose of 0.3 g kg−1 body weight daily among all tested samples. Meanwhile, the EAM group displayed significantly higher activities of the two enzymes than did the control group. In the antimutagenicity test, EAM exhibited the highest inhibition rate against every tested mutagen at a low concentration of 0.08 mg mL−1 and a high concentration of 0.3 mg mL−1 in each plate, and it also had the highest anti-DNA-damaging activity among all test samples. EAM displayed the highest antigenotoxicity effect, followed by CHE, when using water-insoluble extracts, and CP was the highest one, followed by water extract (100°C, 30 minutes), water extract (60°C, 30 minutes), and SPPF, when using water-soluble extracts. The major constituents of EAM and CHE were identified as ergosterol and 2-pentanol, respectively. Some extracts from P. eryngii var. ferulae have significant antioxidant activity and are strong antigenotoxic agents.
Submerged and Solid-State Cultivation of Bioactive Extra- and Intracellular Polysaccharides of Medicinal Mushrooms Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. and Grifola frondosa (Dicks.: Fr.) S. F. Gray (Aphyllophoromycetideae)
409-418
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v11.i4.70
Jozica
Habijanic
National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia ; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Mirjan
Svagelj
Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana
Marin
Berovic
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Bojana
Boh
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Branka
Wraber
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
medicinal mushrooms
Ganoderma lucidum
Grifola frondosa
submerged and solid-state cultivation
immunostimulatory effects
human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
mushroom polysaccharides
cytokines
Original strains of Ganoderma lucidum (MZKI G97) and Grifola frondosa (GF3) isolated from Slovenian forests were cultivated using submerged and solid-state cultivation. In G. lucidum after 14 days of submerged fed-batch cultivation, up to 17.0 g L−1 dry fungal biomass was produced. Extracellular (1.7 g L−1) and intracellular (0.45 g L−1) polysaccharide fractions were isolated, while in 18 days of solid-state cultivation, 5.77 mg/g of extracellular and 1.45 mg/g of intracellular polysaccharide were produced at the end of the cultivation period. In 28 days of submerged cultivation of G. frondosa, 3.65 mg L−1 of extracellular and 1.30 mg L−1 of intracellular polysaccharide were produced. In 38 days of solid-state cultivation, 3.80 mg/g of extracellular and 0.70 mg/g of intracellular polysaccharide were produced. Polysaccharides were further separated by ion-exchange, gel, and affinity chromatography. The isolated polysaccharides were mainly β-D-glucans. Immunostimulatory effects of isolates were tested for induction of cytokine (TNF-α and IFN-γ) synthesis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from buffy coat.
Enhancement of Indole Alkaloids Produced by Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer (Agaricomycetideae) in Controlled Harvesting Light Conditions
419-426
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v11.i4.80
Hasan
Rafati
Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran
Hossein
Riahi
Bioscience Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran
Ali
Mohammadi
Department of Biology, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran
medicinal mushrooms
magic mushrooms
Psilocybe cubensis
psilocin
psilocybin
gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
central nervous system
Indole alkaloids of Psilocybe cubensis have been reported to be the potential candidates for drug discovery in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In this research, the effect of the harvesting light on increasing the active alkaloids of P. cubensis was investigated. Three different lighting conditions, that is, dim daylight, indirect daylight, and darkness were used to harvest the mushrooms. A simple one-step extraction method involving the homogenization of the dried fruit bodies of fungi in chloroform was used. The psilocin content of the mushrooms was analyzed by derivatization with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA), followed by the GC-MS technique. This investigation showed that the psilocin content of the mushrooms was highly dependent on the lighting conditions. Variations could amount to 100-fold increases in the samples harvested in the dark condition, compared to the samples harvested in the light conditions. Therefore, preventing natural light in the harvesting chamber could be considered to have a considerable effect on the content of the psychotropic component of P. cubensis and, hence, the psycho activity of the mushroom.
Influence of Composted Substrates on Yield and Nutritional Attributes of Culinary-Medicinal Paddy Straw Mushroom, Volvariella volvacea (Bull.: Fr.) Singer (Agaricomycetideae)
427-436
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v11.i4.90
Om Parkash
Ahlawat
Directorate of Mushroom Research (ICAR), Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
Rajender
Singh
Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan 173 213 (HP)
R. D.
Rai
National Research Centre for Mushroom (ICAR), Chambaghat, Solan, HP
culinary-medicinal mushrooms
Volvariella volvacea
paddy straw
cotton ginning mill waste
compost
yield
first harvest
minerals
protein
During the 2 cultivation trials of Volvariella volvacea (paddy straw mushroom), the compost prepared from 3 different basal ingredients, namely, paddy straw (PS), cotton ginning mill waste (CGMW), and PS + CGMW (1:1, w/w), differed in final pH and moisture, nitrogen, potassium, sodium and calcium content. Highest pH, moisture, and sodium content were in the PS compost, the highest nitrogen and calcium content was in the CGMW compost, and the highest potassium content was in the PS + CGMW compost. The highest population of thermophilic fungi and bacteria was in the PS compost, followed by the PS + CGMW compost. Predominant thermophilic fungi in different types of composts were Humicola insolens and Scytalidium thermophilum. The CGMW compost not only supported the fastest mycelial colonization and earliest first harvest (9 days) but also the highest mushroom yield in both trials (36.60 and 39.34 kg/q dry substrate). The next best mycelial colonization and first harvest of mushrooms were in PS + CGMW compost. However, mushroom yield was higher in PS + CGMW compost in trial 1 and PS compost in trial 2. The number of fruiting bodies did not show much variation in higher yielding substrates, and higher yield was a manifestation of significantly higher average fruiting body weight in the superior yielding substrate. The dry matter, protein, sodium, potassium, and calcium contents in the mushrooms varied with the compost as well as with the flushes: protein, potassium, and calcium were highest in mushrooms from the CGMW compost, sodium was highest in mushrooms from the PS compost, and dry matter of mushrooms was highest from PS + CGMW compost.