Begell House Inc.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
IJM
1521-9437
13
2
2011
Characterization of Blood (β-1,3-glucan and Anti-(β-glucan Antibody in Hemodialysis Patients Using Culinary-Medicinal Royal Sun Agaricus, Agaricus brasiliensis S. Wasser et al. (Agaricomycetideae)
101-107
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i2.10
Ken-ichi
Ishibashi
Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
Masaharu
Yoshida
Renal Unit of the Department of Internal Medicine, Hachiouji Medical Center of Tokyo Medical University, Hachioji, Tokyo
Iwao
Nakabayashi
Renal Unit of the Department of Internal Medicine, Hachiouji Medical Center of Tokyo Medical University, Hachioji, Tokyo
Noriko
Yoshikawa
Renal Unit of the Department of Internal Medicine, Hachiouji Medical Center of Tokyo Medical University, Hachioji, Tokyo
Noriko N.
Miura
Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
Yoshiyuki
Adachi
Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
Naohito
Ohno
Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
culinary-medicinal mushrooms
Agaricus brasiliensis
Royal Sun mushroom
dialysis
fungal infection
β-glucan
anti-β-glucan antibody
humoral immunity
β-glucan is a major component of fungal cell walls and shows various immunopharmacological activities including antitumor activity. Previously, we detected anti-β-glucan antibody in human sera. Anti-β-glucan antibody participates in the immune response to fungal cell wall β-glucan. Patients on dialysis are at high risk of infection including fungal infections. We examined the plasma β-glucan level and the titer of anti-β-glucan antibody in dialysis patients. We measured plasma β-1,3-glucan concentrations with the limulus G test and anti-β-glucan antibody titers by ELISA with Candida β-glucan-coated plates. We also examined the influence of the period of dialysis and the kind of dialysis membrane. The patients were positive for β-1,3-glucan in their plasma. The anti-β-glucan antibody titer was lower in the dialysis patients than in healthy volunteers. Long-term dialysis patients showed lower anti-β-glucan antibody titers than short-term dialysis patients. No significant difference was found between the kinds of dialysis membrane. The titer of anti-β-glucan antibody as recognition molecule of β-glucan was low in dialysis patients compared with healthy volunteers. This is likely to be one factor explaining the sensitivity to infection of the dialysis patients. An appropriate application of culinary-medicinal mushroom such as Agaricus brasiliensis has potential for the prevention of fungal infection in dialysis patients.
Effect of Immunomodulating and Antiviral Agent of Medicinal Mushrooms (Immune Assist 24/7TM) on CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Counts of HIV-Infected Patients
109-113
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i2.20
Gideon
Adotey
Science Laboratory Department, Accra Polytechnic, Accra, Ghana
Abraham
Quarcoo
Science Laboratory Department, Accra Polytechnic, Accra, Ghana
John
Holliday
Aloha Medicinals, Inc.,
2300 Arrowhead Dr., Carson City, NV 89706, USA
Solomon
Fofie
Sunyani Regional Hospital, Sunyani, Brong-Ahafo, Ghana
Braimah
Saaka
Sunyani Regional Hospital, Sunyani, Brong-Ahafo, Ghana
medicinal mushrooms
immunomodulating activity
antiviral
HIV-infected patients
CD4+ T-lymphocyte
natural killer cells
Lentinus edodes
Grifola frondosa
Ganoderma lucidum
Trametes versicolor
Agaricus brasiliensis
Immune Assist 24
Immune enhancement through the use of natural products is a potentially valuable therapeutic modality in HIV-infected people, especially those who are not good candidates for aggressive ARV therapy. One such immune enhancement, a medicinal mushroom product from the United States, is Immune Assist 24/7TM. In this study the effect of Immune Assist 24/7TM., which is a naturally derived immune-modulating and antiviral agent, on CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts was evaluated in 8 HIV-infected patients at the Sunyani Regional Hospital (Ghana). The subjects were administered three tablets of 800 mg Immune Assist 24/7TM. once daily (2.4 g/day) and peripheral blood samples were drawn at baseline, day 30, and day 60, and the CD4+ count measured. The study revealed that Immune Assist 24/7TM., used as a sole therapeutic agent without additional ARV drugs, significantly increased CD4+ T-lymphocyte populations in all of the patients. In one patient, the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count went from 4 at the baseline, to 170 cells in 60 days, representing an increase of more than 4000%. In another patient, the CD4+ count went from 88 to 470 cells within the same period. Even in the patients with the highest CD4+ counts of around 800, there was a significant elevation in the CD4+ count noted. This study did not deal with the effect of Immune Assist 24/7TM. on other immune parameters such as CD3+ T-lymphocyte count, natural killer cells count, or viral load among HIV-infected patients. These initial results are promising, and indicate the potential value of further evaluating the effects of Immune Assist 24/7TM. on other immune parameters and viral load among HIV patients, administered either as a sole therapeutic agent, as an adjuvant with standard ARV therapy, or in comparison with standard ARV therapy alone.
Preparation of Black Hoof Medicinal Mushroom Phellinus linteus (Berk. et M.A. Curt.) Teng (Aphyllophoromycetideae) (β-Glucan Sulfate and In Vitro Tumor Cell Growth Inhibitory Activity
115-120
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i2.30
In Young
Bae
Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul
Ji-Yoon
Shin
Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul
Hyeon Gyu
Lee
Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul
medicinal mushrooms
polysaccharides
Phellinus linteus
β-glucan
sulfation
nitric oxide
cytotoxic activity
Polysaccharide β-glucans were extracted from the medicinal mushroom Phellinus linteus (Hymenochaetaceae, Aphyllophoromycetideae) and subjected to sulfation. Chemical modification of the β-glucan was confirmed by structural analysis, and its biological properties were compared with those of native β-glucan. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis indicated that successive preparation of the sulfated derivative yielded a degree of substitution of 0.47. Nitric oxide production measured by the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) experiments increased 1.5-fold after sulfation. In addition, the introduction of sulfate groups into the β-glucan chains improved in vitro growth inhibitory activity against SNU-C2A cells. Therefore, sulfated β-glucan extracted from Ph. Linteus may be beneficial for immune support due to its incorporation of functional groups into its polymer structure.
In Vitro Antitumor Activity and Structure Characterization of Ethanol Extracts from Wild and Cultivated Chaga Medicinal Mushroom, Inonotus obliquus (Pers.:Fr.) Pilát (Aphyllophoromycetideae)
121-130
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i2.40
Yong
Sun
Laboratory for Biotechnology of Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou
Ting
Yin
Laboratory for Biotechnology of Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou
Xian-Hui
Chen
Laboratory for Biotechnology of Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou
Gong
Zhang
University of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Rempel B.
Curtis
Richardson Center for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
Zhan-Hui
Lu
Department of Food Science and Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing
Ji-Hong
Jiang
Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
medicinal mushrooms
Inonotus obliquus
Chaga mushroom
sclerotium
fruiting body
antitumor
activity
GC-MS
Inonotus obliquus (Pers.:Fr.) Pilat has been traditionally used as a folk remedy for treatment of cancers, cardiovascular disease and diabetes in Russia, Poland, and most of the Baltic countries, but natural reserves of this fungus have nearly been exhausted. This study was designed to investigate the artificial cultivation of I. obliquus and the antitumor activity of its tissues. The ethanol extract of cultivated sclerotium had the highest cell growth inhibitory rate (74.6%) as determined by an 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. 78% of the bags produced sclerotia and only 6.17 g/bag of sclerotium was obtained. Extracts of the cultivated fruiting body showed 44.2% inhibitory activity against tumor cells. However, the yield was as high as 18.24 g/bag, and 98% of the bags produced fruiting body. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) showed that similar compounds were extracted from the wild and cultivated samples. The principal compounds observed were lanosterol, inotodiol, and ergosterol. Their percentages of the mass fraction were 86.1, 59.9, and 71.8% of the total, for the wild sclerotium, cultivated sclerotium, and cultivated fruiting body, respectively. Ergosterol was found to be much higher (27.32%) in cultivated fruiting body. We conclude that cultivated fruiting body of I. obliquus obtained by inoculation of the substrate with spawn mycelium of the fifth generation could serve as an ideal substitute for the wild I. obliquus.
Anticancer Effects of Fraction Isolated from Fruiting Bodies of Chaga Medicinal Mushroom, Inonotus obliquus (Pers.:Fr.) Pilát (Aphyllophoromycetideae): In Vitro Studies
131-143
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i2.50
Marta Kinga
Lemieszek
Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
Ewa
Langner
Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine; and Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skіodowska University, Lublin, Poland
Jozef
Kaczor
Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin
Martyna
Kandefer-Szerszen
Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin
Bozena
Sanecka
Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, Al. Powstanców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów
Witold
Mazurkiewicz
Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, Al. Powstanców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów
Wojciech
Rzeski
Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland; Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
medicinal mushrooms
Inonotus obliquus
Chaga mushroom
anticancer activity
human lung carcinoma
colon adenocarcinoma
human skin fibroblasts
The medicinal mushroom Chaga, Inonotus obliquus (Pers.:Fr.) Pilát (Hymenochaetaceae), has been used in folk medicine in Russia, Poland, and most of the Baltic countries, as a cleansing and disinfecting measure, and as decoctions for stomach diseases, intestinal worms, liver and heart ailments, and cancer treatment. Many reports have been published concerning the health promoting functions of this mushroom, including antibacterial, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antioxidant activities. The purpose of the present study was evaluation of in vitro anticancer activity of fraction IO4 isolated from I. obliquus. The effect on cell proliferation, motility and viability was assessed in a range of cancer and normal cells. Chaga fraction prepared from dried fruiting bodies was subjected to anticancer evaluation in human lung carcinoma (A549), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), and rat glioma (C6) cell cultures. Human skin fibroblasts (HSF), bovine aorta endothelial cells (BAEC), models of rat oligodendrocytes (OLN-93), hepatocytes (Fao), rat astroglia, and mouse neurons (P19) were applied to test toxicity in normal cells. The following methods were applied: tumor cell proliferation (MTT assay and BrdU assay), cytotoxicity (LDH assay), tumor cell motility (wound assay), tumor cell morphology (May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining), and death detection (ELISA). Chaga fraction elicited anticancer effects which were attributed to decreased tumor cell proliferation, motility and morphological changes induction. Of note is the fact that it produced no or low toxicity in tested normal cells. The data presented could open interesting paths for further investigations of fraction IO4 as a potential anticancer agent.
Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Ethanolic Extracts and Isolated Fractions of Species of the Genus Phellinus Quél. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)
145-152
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i2.60
Yan
Yang
National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of
Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
Jinxia
Hu
Insitute of Edible Fungi,Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, China
Yanfang
Liu
Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
Na
Feng
Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi; National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Shanghai, 201403, P.R. China
Hui
Chen
Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Edible Fungi, National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
Qingjiu
Tang
Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
Libin
Ye
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi; and Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), People's Republic of China Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China; College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
Jingsong
Zhang
Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi; National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Shanghai, 201403, P.R. China
medicinal mushrooms
species of the genus Phellinus
ethanolic extracts
antioxidant
antitumor activity
Ethanolic extracts of fruit bodies of 5 species (8 strains) of the genus Phellinus, and isolated fractions derived from 1 of these extracts (Ph. Baumii PB-10), were evaluated for antioxidant activity, inhibitory effects on the growth of human tumor cells, and the capacity to protect PC12 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative damage. Extracts of all 8 strains of Phellinus spp. exhibited antioxidant activity and protected PC12 cells against oxidative damage at different magnitudes of potency. The strongest antioxidant activity was exhibited by extracts of Ph. Baumii PB-10, with recorded IC50 values for superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of 3.76 μ;g/mL and 4.24 μ;g/mL, respectively. Radical-scavenging activity and protection levels against H2O2-induced damage to PC12 cells were highly correlated with the flavonoid content of the extracts and isolated fractions. All the extracts inhibited L1210, SW620, and MCF-7 tumor cell proliferation at 200 μ;g/mL concentrations, but inhibition was not correlated with the flavone content of the test samples and was clearly dependent upon the presence of other, as yet, unidentified components. Our data indicate that fruit bodies of species of the genus Phellinus represent a potentially valuable source of natural antioxidants of relevance to both the health and food industries.
A Comparative Assessment of the Potential of Polysaccharide Production and Intracellular Sugar Composition within Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.)P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)
153-158
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i2.70
Mirjana
Stajic
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Jasmina
Glamoclija
Institute of Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Vuk
Maksimovic
Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Belgrade, Serbia
Jelena
Vukojević
Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Jasmina
Simonic
Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Georgios I.
Zervakis
Laboratory of General and Agricultural
Microbiology, Department of Agricultural
Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens,
Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
medicinal mushrooms
Lingzhi or Reishi mushroom
Ganoderma lucidum
extracellular polysaccharide
intracellular polysaccharide
intracellular sugars
Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known medicinal mushroom species in which polysaccharides are one of the major sources of biological activity. The species was considered as a species-complex due to significant variations in morphological, biochemical, and genetic features among populations with a worldwide distribution. This fact was the basis for setting the aim of this research: to study intraspecific diversity in polysaccharide production and intracellular sugar composition among selected G. lucidum strains. The presence of intraspecific diversity among 10 G. lucidum strains, from different areas worldwide, was noted. Values of produced mycelia biomass and intracellular polysaccharides were found in wide ranges (3.1−28.2 g L−1 and 20.0−53.3 mg g−1, respectively), while differences in extracellular polysaccharide amounts were minor (0.2−1.5 mg mL−1). The significant quantitative and qualitative differences in intracellular sugar composition were noted. Glucose was the predominant sugar in almost all strains except one (HAI 447), where sucrose was dominant. The potential of polysaccharide production and intracellular sugar composition could be one more taxonomic criterion for strain characterization within G. lucidum. The differences in intracellular sugar composition and proportions could be reflected in features of produced polysaccharides and also in their biological activities.
Lectin Activity of Species of Genus Cerrena S.F. Gray (Aphyllophoromycetideae) in Submerged Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Materials
159-166
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i2.80
Elene
Davitashvili
Faculty of Natural Science, Iv. Javakhishvili State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
Ekaterine
Kapanadze
Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 0143 Tbilisi, Georgia
Eva
Kachlishvili
The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
Vladimir I.
Elisashvili
The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
medicinal mushrooms
Cerrena
lectin activity
lignocellulosic materials
submerged fermentation
carbohydrate specificity
The capability of 5 strains of 2 species of genus Cerrena (Aphyllophoromycetideae) to express hemagglutinating activity (HA) was evaluated in submerged fermentation of 7 lignocellulosic materials of different chemical compositions. Among the lignocellulosic substrates tested, walnut pericarp, followed by mandarin and kiwi peels provided the highest specific HA of C. unicolor IBB 300; walnut leaves and pericarp appeared to be the best substrates for the accumulation of lectin by C. unicolor IBB 301, whereas the fermentation of kiwi peels ensured the highest HA of C. unicolor IBB 302. The highest HA was detected in C. maxima IBB 402 cultivation in submerged fermentation of walnut leaves (64103 U/mg), mandarin (33333 U/mg) and kiwi peels (28571 U/mg). Moreover, the fermentation of walnut pericarp and leaves provided the secretion of high lectin levels in culture liquid (9143 U/mg). The carbohydrate specificity of tested preparations significantly depended on both fungus strain and lignocellulosic growth substrate. By substitution of lignocellulosic material, it is possible to regulate lectin production and to obtain a preparation with different specificity toward carbohydrates.
Chemical, Pharmacological, and Biological Characterization of the Culinary-Medicinal Honey Mushroom, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm. (Agaricomycetideae): A Review
167-175
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i2.90
Bozena
Muszynska
Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna
Sulkowska-Ziaja
Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
Malgorzata
Wolkowska
Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
Halina
Ekiert
Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
medicinal mushrooms
Armillaria mellea
Honey mushroom
chemical and pharmaceutical characteristics
indole compounds
secondary metabolites
cosmetic application
Recently, studies have been conducted on the chemical composition of fruiting bodies of the culinary-medicinal Honey mushroom, Armillaria mellea (Vahl.) P. Kumm. (higher Basidiomycetes). It is considered in Europe and Asia as edible and medicinal, when appropriately prepared, and has demonstrated the presence of different groups of organic compounds, including carbohydrates, sterols, sphingolipids, fatty acids, sesquiterpenes, non-hallucinogenic indole compounds, peptides, enzymes, adenosine derivatives, and many other components. Most of these metabolite groups possess potential therapeutic and dietary values. The results of quantitative analyses of indole compounds and heavy metals signal potential health hazards for humans. Some of the studies reviewed herein describe in detail the mechanism of symbiosis between A. mellea and the orchid species Gastrodia elata. This orchid is native to Asia, Australia, and New Zealand, and is used in therapeutics in official Chinese medicine.
Properties and Potential Applications of the Culinary-Medicinal Cauliflower Mushroom, Sparassis crispa Wulf.:Fr. (Aphyllophoromycetideae): A Review
177-183
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i2.100
Gayathri
Chandrasekaran
Department of Biochemical and Polymer Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
Deuk-Sil
Oh
Jeollanamdo Wando Arboretum, Wando, Jeonnam, Korea
Hyun-Jae
Shin
Department of Biochemical and Polymer Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
culinary-medicinal mushrooms
Sparassis crispa
nutrition
medicinal value
therapeutic uses
novel compounds
β-glucans
pre- and probiotics
Sparassis crispa is a culinary-medicinal mushroom that has recently become popular in Korea, China, Japan, Germany, and the USA. S. crispa is a good source of food and nutraceuticals, or dietary supplements, due to its rich flavor compounds and β-glucan content. This review is a comprehensive summary of its distribution, growth, management, general constituents, functional ingredients, as well as its current and potential medicinal and other applications.
The Influence of Different Submerged Cultivation Conditions on Mycelial Biomass and Protease Production by Lentinus citrinus Walleyn et Rammeloo DPUA 1535 (Agaricomycetideae)
185-192
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i2.110
Larissa de Souza
Kirsch
School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
Ana Carolina
dos Santos Pinto
Culture Collection DPUA/UFAM, Federal University of Amazon, Manaus, AM, Brazil
Tatiana Souza
Porto
Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), UFRPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
Ana Lucia Figueiredo
Porto
Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology, UFRPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
Maria Francisca Simas
Teixeira
Culture Collection DPUA/UFAM, Federal University of Amazon, Manaus, AM, Brazil
edible and medicinal mushrooms
Lentinus citrinus
protease
biomass
submerged culture
factorial design
The influence of different carbon and nitrogen sources, pH of the culture medium, and temperature and period of cultivation on mycelial biomass production and protease activity by Lentinus citrinus DPUA 1535 were investigated in submerged culture. A 25 full factorial design with three central points was employed, and the results showed that at a significance level of 95% only nitrogen source and temperature were statistically significant for mycelial biomass production. On the other hand, for protease activity all factors and some interactions were significant, and the temperature and nitrogen source had the most significant effect. The best condition for mycelial biomass production (5.76 mg mL−1) and protease activity (32.3 U mL−1) was obtained in medium formulated with 0.5% soluble starch, 0.2% gelatin, pH 7.0, 25°C, in 5 days.
Cultivation of the Culinary-Medicinal Lung Oyster Mushroom, Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quél. (Agaricomycetideae) on Grass Plants in Taiwan
193-199
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i2.120
Zeng-Chin
Liang
Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Foods on Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515, Taiwan
Kuan-Jzen
Wu
Division of Plant Pathology, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Jinn-Chyi
Wang
Department of Food Science and Technology, Tajen University, Shin-Erh Village, Yen-Pu Shiang, Pingtung, Taiwan
Chorng-Horng
Lin
Department of Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Datsun, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Chiu-Yeh
Wu
Department of Culinary Arts, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhua, Changhua 510, Republic of China
culinary-medicinal mushrooms
Pleurotus pulmonarius
Lung Oyster mushroom
cultivation
grass plant
mycelial growth
biological efficiency
Cultivation of the culinary-medicinal Lung Oyster mushroom, Pleurotus pulmonarius, on the stalks of three grass plants, i.e., Panicum repens, Pennisetum purpureum, and Zea mays were investigated. The effects of various combinatorial substrates on mushroom mycelial growth and yield calculated as biological efficiency (BE) were determined. Among 9 experimental substrates, the most suitable substrate for mycelial growth was 45ZMS:45S, followed by 45PRS:45S; their mycelial growth rates were obviously quicker than that of the control substrate. The BEs of all the experimental substrates respectively containing P. repens stalk, P. purpureum stalk and Z. mays stalk were higher than that of the control (39.55%) during the 2.5 months of cultivation period. The best substrate in terms of BE was 60ZMS:30S (58.33%), followed by 45PRS:45S (57.16%), 45ZMS:45S (49.86%), and 30ZMS:60S (47.20%). Based on the BE of the tested substrates, Z. mays stalk appeared to be the best alternative material for the production of P. pulmonarius.
ERRATUM: Inclusion of the letter "Professor Shu-Ting Chang On His 80th Birthday," International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, Volume 13, Issue 1, 2011
201-204
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i2.130