Begell House Inc.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
IJM
1521-9437
14
4
2012
A Concise Method Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Determine the Source of the β-Glucan Extracted from Various Mushrooms
339-345
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v14.i4.10
Rui
Tada
Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
Yoshiyuki
Adachi
Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
Naohito
Ohno
Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
medicinal mushrooms
β-glucan
NMR
nuclear magnetic resonance
biological response modifier
structure
Sparassis crispa
Grifola frondosa
Phellinus linteus
Ganoderma lucidum
β-glucan prepared from mushrooms is used in both modern medicine and traditional oriental therapies because of its potent immunomodulatory properties. The effects of β-glucan depend on its structure and origin. Therefore, elucidating the structure and source of β-glucan is crucial for its use in food therapy and medicine. In this study, we performed NMR analysis of β-glucan preparations from various mushrooms in order to determine their structure and source. Our results show that NMR spectroscopy can be used to determine the type of mushrooms from which a β-glucan is derived on the basis of the structure of the β-glucan. We believe that this method will help promote the use of β-glucan in clinical settings and as a health food additive.
Oral Hypoglycemic Activity of Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and P. cystidiosus (Higher Basidiomycetes) in Normal and Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats
347-355
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v14.i4.20
W.J.A.B.N.
Jayasuriya
B. Pharm. Degree Program, Department of Medical Education and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
T.S.
Suresh
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
D. Thusitha U.
Abeytunga
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
G.H.
Fernando
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
C.A.
Wanigatunga
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
medicinal mushrooms
Pleurotus species
diabetes
alloxan
postprandial
serum glucose
estrous cycle
This study investigates the oral hypoglycemic activity of Pleurotus ostreatus (P.o.) and P. cystidiosus (P.c.) mushrooms on normal and alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Different doses (250, 500, 750, 1000, and 1250 mg/kg/body weight) of suspensions of freeze-dried and powdered (SFDP) P.o. and P.c. were administered to normal rats, and postprandial serum glucose levels were measured. Optimal time of activity was investigated using the dose 500 mg/kg. Hypoglycemic effect of a single dose of SFDP P.o. and P.c. (500 mg/kg) were investigated using diabetic male and female rats at different stages of estrous cycle and compared with metformin and glibenclamide. Chronic hypoglycemic activity of SFDP P.o. and P.c. (500 mg/kg) was studied using serum glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Maximally effective dose of SFDP P.o. and P.c. was 500 mg/kg. The highest reduction in the serum glucose level was observed 120 minutes after administration of mushrooms. A single dose of P.o. and P.c. significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the serum glucose levels of male diabetic rats. The hypoglycemic activity in female rats was highest in proestrous stage. The hypoglycemic effect of P.o. and P.c. is comparable with metformin and glibenclamide. Daily single administrations of P.o. and P.c. to diabetic rats exert apparent control on the homeostasis of blood glucose. SFDP P.o. and P.c. possessed marked and significant oral hypoglycemic activity. This study suggests the consumption of P.o. and P.c. mushrooms might bring health benefits to mankind as it shows hypoglycemic activity in rats.
Comparative Study of Contents of Several Bioactive Components in Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia of Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms
357-363
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v14.i4.30
Yu-Chang
Lo
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.; NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, NCHU, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Agricultural Biotechnology
Center, NCHU, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Shin-Yi
Lin
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Program, Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Agricultural Biotechnology Center, NCHU, Taiwan, R.O.C
Enkhjargal
Ulziijargal
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
Shin-Yu
Chen
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
Rao-Chi
Chien
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.; National
Chung Hsing University/University of California Davis Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing
University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University/University
of California Davis Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Yi-Jing
Tzou
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
Jeng-Leun
Mau
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
medicinal mushrooms
lovastatin
GABA
ergothioneine
Mushrooms have been consumed for thousands of years, and several bioactive components were found therein, including lovastatin, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine. The study reported herein was to analyze these three bioactive components in 15 fruiting bodies and 9 mycelia of 19 species of mushrooms from genera Agaricus, Agrocybe, Auricularia, Boletus, Ganoderma, Hypsizygus, Inonotus, Lentinus, Morchella, Pleurotus, Tremella, Termitomyces, and Volvariella. The results show that Hypsizygus marmoreus contained the highest amount of lovastatin (628.05 mg/kg) in fruiting bodies and Morchella esculenta contained the highest amount (1438.42 mg/ kg) in mycelia. Agaricus brasiliensis contained the highest amount of GABA (1844.85 mg/kg) in fruiting bodies, and mycelia of Boletus edulis, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, and Termitomyces albuminosus contained extraordinarily higher amounts (1274.03, 1631.67, and 2560.00 mg/kg, respectively). Volvariella volvacea contained the highest amount of ergothioneine (537.27 mg/kg) in fruiting bodies and mycelia; Boletus edulis, Pleurotus ferulae, and P. salmoneostramineus contained relatively higher amount of ergothioneine too (258.03, 250.23, and 222.08 mg/kg, respectively). However, none of these components was detected in fruiting bodies of Inonotus obliquus. In conclusion, these three bioactive components were commonly found in most mushrooms, and these results might be related to their beneficial effects.
Production, Purfication, Molecular Characterization and Bioactivities of Exopolysaccharides Produced by the Wine Cap Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Stropharia rugosoannulata 2# (Higher Basidiomycetes)
365-376
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v14.i4.40
Peixin
He
College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
Lujing
Geng
College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, P.R. China
Jizhong
Wang
College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, P.R. China
Chunping
Xu
College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
medicinal mushrooms
optimization
exopolysaccharides
Stropharia rugosoannulata
antioxidant
antitumor
The optimal culture conditions of exopolysaccharides (EPS) production in submerged culture medium by Stropharia rugosoannulata 2# were determined using the orthogonal matrix method. The optimal defined medium (per liter) was 60.0 g sucrose, 6.0 g tryptone, 5 mM KH2PO4, and initial pH 7.0 at 28°C. In the optimal culture medium, the maximum EPS production was 9.967 g/L in shake-flask culture. One fraction of EPS was purified from the culture filtrates by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and the molecular characteristics were examined by a multiangle laser-light scattering (MALLS) and refractive index (RI) detector system. The weight-average molar masses and the polydispersity ratio of the EPS fraction were determined to be 5.305 × 103 g/mol and 2.014, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy was used for obtaining vibrational spectra of the purified EPS fraction. The obvious characteristic absorption at 884.3 cm−1 revealed the existence of β configuration. Furthermore, the experiments in vitro indicated that S. rugosoannulata 2# EPS exhibit high antitumor and antioxidative effects.
Immunomodulating Activities of Cultivated Maitake Medicinal Mushroom Grifola frondosa (Dicks.: Fr.) S.F. Gray (Higher Basidiomycetes) on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
377-383
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v14.i4.50
Mirjan
Svagelj
Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana
Marin
Berovic
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Andrej
Gregori
Institue for Natural Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Branka
Wraber
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Sasa
Simcic
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Bojana
Boh
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
medicinal mushrooms
Grifola frondosa
Maitake mushroom
MD-fraction
immunomodulation
TNF-α
IFN-γ
IL-12
Grifola frondosa is a culinary-medicinal mushroom that contains several physiologically active compounds, of which polysaccharides, specifically β-glucans, are known to possess immunomodulating properties. Its extracts are studied for application as adjuncts for chemotherapy, and experiments in animal models support the use of this mushroom for cancer treatment. The effect of extracts obtained from mushrooms cultivated on different substrates and their capacity of inducing the secretion of cytokines from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were studied. The activity of extracts at concentrations 12.5, 100, and 200 μg/mL on induction of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12 was screened. Two extracts from substrates fortified with olive oil press cakes showed appreciable activity and induced the secretion of TNF-α, IL-12, and INF-γ. The extracts differed from the others in the amount of sugar, protein, and β-glucans, which can explain their higher activity. Present results show that different substrates and different source materials can reasonably modify the bioactivity of cultivated G. frondosa.
Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Some Species of Polyporoid Mushrooms from Poland
385-393
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v14.i4.60
Katarzyna
Sulkowska-Ziaja
Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
Bozena
Muszynska
Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
Paulina
Motyl
Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Medical College, Medyczna Street 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
Pawel
Pasko
Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna Street 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
Halina
Ekiert
Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
medicinal mushrooms
polyporoid mushrooms
phenolic acids
antioxidant activity
The present study investigated polyporoid mushrooms (Aphyllophorales sensu lato) commonly occurring in Poland−Daedaleopsis confragosa, Fomitopsis pinicola, Gloeophyllum sepiarium, Laetiporus sulphureus, and Piptoporus betulinus−for their content of phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids, in extracts of their fruiting bodies, and their biological activities. The contents of protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and vanillic acid were determined by HPLC. Protocatechuic acid was the dominant phenol acid, with levels ranging from 17.7 μg to 90.0 μg/g dry weight. The highest total concentration of phenolic acids was observed in Fomitopsis pinicola (114.9 μg/g dry weight). The total content of phenolics compounds ranged from 6.80 to 21.88 mg/g dry weight. Fomitopsis pinicola and Gloeophyllum sepiarium contained the highest amounts of phenolic compounds (21.88 mg/g dry weight and 19.88 mg/g, respectively) and the highest antioxidant activity evaluated by FRAP method (55.79 and 87.82 mmol Trolox/kg dry weight, respectively).
Versatile Applications of the Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii (Berk.) Maas G. (Higher Basidiomycetes): A Review
395-401
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v14.i4.70
Gayathri
Chandrasekaran
Department of Biochemical and Polymer Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
Deuk-Sil
Oh
Jeollanamdo Wando Arboretum, Wando, Jeonnam, Korea
Hyun-Jae
Shin
Department of Biochemical and Polymer Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
medicinal mushrooms
Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii
antihypertensive
nerve growth factor
antioxidant
neuroprotective agents
antidiabetic
cosmetic
nutrition
Higher Basidiomycetes medicinal mushroom Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii has become attractive as a natural health product because of its antihypertensive effects on human health. Moreover, the food industry is especially interested in the preparation of the nutritional tonic of this mushroom. Various studies on this mushroom have shown that it has antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant effects. The aim of this review is to report the present findings from studies on this mushroom and to discuss its future prospects.
Comparative Antitumor Activity of Jelly Ear Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) J. Schrot. (Higher Basidiomycetes) Extracts Against Tumor Cells In Vitro
403-409
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v14.i4.80
Md.Ahsanur
Reza
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University (Barisal Campus), Babugonj, Barisal, Bangladesh
Woo-Sik
Jo
Department of Agricultural Environment, Gyeongbuk Agricultural Technology Administration, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
Seung-Chun
Park
Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702701, Republic of Korea
medicinal mushrooms
antitumor activity
Auricularia auricula-judae
Ganoderma lucidum
Phellinus gilvus
Korean wild plants
doxorubicin
The present study compares the antitumor activity of extracts from Auricularia auricula-judae, Phellinus gilvus, Ganoderma lucidum, and 100 Korean wild plants in the P388D1 macrophage cell line. The antitumor activity of A. auricula-judae extract (44.21%) did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) from those of Ph. Gilvus (39.46%) and G. lucidum (36.64%) at 1 mg/mL of concentration. Among 100 wild plants, Morus bombycis f. kase, Draba nemorosa var. hebecarpa, Sedum oryzifolium, Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus, and Auricularia auricula-judae 70% ethanol extracts inhibited the viability of tumor cells by 41.85%, 37.31%, 30.29%, 31.98%, and 25.40% at 3 mg/mL of concentration, while inhibition concentration (IC50) values were 1.81, 1.49, 1.05, 1.10, and 0.72 mg/mL, respectively. In Sarcoma 180, NCI H358, and SNU 1 cell lines, the inhibitory activities of A. auricula-judae extract were 65.71%, 69.76%, and 68.01%, respectively. Taken together, the results obtained from the present study indicated that four plant extracts (4% of tested wild plants) and A. auricula-judae extract with similar levels of Ph. Gilvus and G. lucidum extracts may be new potential antitumor agents.
Determination of Carbohydrates by High Performance Anion Chromatography-Pulsed Amperometric Detection in Mushrooms
411-417
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v14.i4.90
Shuai
Zhou
Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
Qingjiu
Tang
Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
Xi
Luo
National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi; Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy
Jun-Jie
Xue
National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi; Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy
Yanfang
Liu
Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
Yan
Yang
National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of
Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
Jingsong
Zhang
Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi; National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Shanghai, 201403, P.R. China
Na
Feng
Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi; National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Shanghai, 201403, P.R. China
medicinal mushrooms
high performance anion chromatography
pulsed amperometric detection
trehalose
mannitol
arabitol
glucose
carbohydrates
A method of detecting carbohydrates (fucose, trehalose, mannitol, arabitol, mannose, glucose, galactose, fructose, and ribose) by high-performance anion chromatography−pulsed amperometric detection (HAPEC-PAD) was established. The conditions are: CarboPac MA1 column, NaOH as the eluent, temperature 30°C, Au working electrode, Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and flow rate 0.4 mL/min. These nine analytes, which yielded high resolution by this method, could be detected in 40 minutes. Mushrooms were tested and good precision, stability, and reproducibility were achieved. This method is suitable for mushroom samples and could support research and development on sugar and sugar alcohol, which contains special effects.
Influence of Olive Oil Press Cakes on Shiitake Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer (Higher Basidiomycetes) Fruiting Bodies Production and Effect of their Crude Polysaccharides on CCRF-CEM Cell Proliferation
419-424
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v14.i4.100
Andrej
Gregori
Institue for Natural Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Nadine
Kretschmer
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
Susanne
Wagner
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, 8010 Graz; Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, RESOURCES−Institute of Water, Energy and Sustainability, 8010 Graz, Austria
Herbert
Boechzelt
Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, RESOURCES−Institute of Water, Energy and Sustainability, 8010 Graz, Austria
Dusan
Klinar
ZRS Bistra Ptuj, 2250 Ptuj, Slovenia
Rudolf
Bauer
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
Franc
Pohleven
Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
medicinal mushrooms
Lentinus edodes
Shiitake mushroom
polysaccharides
olive oil press cakes
cytotoxicity
CCRF-CEM leukemia cells
Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer fruiting bodies were cultivated on substrates composed of beech sawdust, wheat bran, and calcium sulfate hemihydrate (gypsum), containing different proportions of olive oil press cakes (OOPC). We determined the influence of OOPC on fruiting bodies production and proliferation of CCRF-CEM leukemia cells. A negative influence of OOPC on mycelia growth and maturation was noticed. When growth medium contained 80% OOPC, fruiting bodies ceased forming. To investigate the cytotoxicity on CCRF-CEM cells in vitro, cells were treated with crude polysaccharides extracted from L. edodes fruiting bodies. Also in this case a negative correlation between OOPC content and cytotoxicity was found.