Begell House Inc.
Critical Reviews™ in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems
CRT
0743-4863
33
2
2016
Chitosan Nanoparticles Prepared by Ionotropic Gelation: An Overview of Recent Advances
107-158
10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2016014850
Kashappa Goud
Desai
Biopharmaceutical Product Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406
chitosan nanoparticles
ionotropic gelation
mechanism of nanoparticle formation
controlled drug release
targeted drug delivery
The objective of this review is to summarize recent advances in chitosan nanoparticles prepared by ionotropic gelation. Significant progress has occurred in this area since the method was first reported. The gelation technique has been improved through a number of creative methodological modifications. Ionotropic gelation via electrospraying and spinning disc processing produces nanoparticles with a more uniform size distribution. Large-scale manufacturing of the nanoparticles can be achieved with the latter approach. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs can be simultaneously encapsulated with high efficiency by emulsification followed by ionic gelation. The turbulent mixing approach facilitates nanoparticle formation at a relatively high polymer concentration (5 mg/mL). The technique can be easily tuned to achieve the desired polymer/surface modifications (e.g., blending, coating, and surface conjugation). Using factorial-design-based approaches, optimal conditions for nanoparticle formation can be determined with a minimum number of experiments. New insights have been gained into the mechanism of chitosan−tripolyphosphate nanoparticle formation. Chitosan nanoparticles prepared by ionotropic gelation tend to aggregate/agglomerate in unfavorable environments. Factors influencing this phenomenon and strategies that can be adopted to minimize the instability are discussed. Ionically cross-linked nanoparticles based on native chitosan and modified chitosan have shown excellent efficacy for controlled and targeted drug-delivery applications.
PLGA Nanoparticles and Their Versatile Role in Anticancer Drug Delivery
159-193
10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2016015273
Iliyas
Khan
Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan India 305817
Avinash
Gothwal
Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan India 305817
Ashok Kumar
Sharma
Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan India 305817
Prashant
Kesharwani
Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour
Central University, Sagar (MP) 470003, India; Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, U.P., India
Lokesh
Gupta
Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan India 305817
Arun K.
Iyer
Use-Inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
Umesh
Gupta
Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan India 305817
nanotechnology
PLGA
anticancer drugs
drug delivery
nanoparticles
targeting
Nanotechnological advancement has become a key standard for the diagnosis and treatment of several complex disorders such as cancer by utilizing the enhanced permeability and retention effect and tumor-specific targeting. Synthesis and designing the formulation of active agents in terms of their efficient delivery is of prime importance for healthcare. The use of nanocarriers has resolved the undesirable characteristics of anticancer drugs such as low solubility and poor permeability in cells. Several types of nanoparticles (NPs) have been designed with the use of various polymers along or devoid of surface engineering for targeting tumor cells. All NPs include polymers in their framework and, of these, polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) is biodegradable and Food and Drug Administration approved for human use. PLGA has been used extensively in the development of NPs for anticancer drug delivery. The extensive use of PLGA NPs is promising for cancer therapy, with higher efficiency and less adverse effects. The present review focused on recent developments regarding PLGA NPs, the methods used for their preparation, their characterization, and their utility in the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents.
Niosomes as Nano-Delivery Systems in the Pharmaceutical Field
195-212
10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2016016167
Cristal S. C.
Pinto
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Macromolecules, Center of Technology, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21945-970 Brazil
Elisabete P.
dos Santos
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Laboratorio de Desenvolvimento Galenico (LADEG), Ilha do Fundao, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Claudia Regina E.
Mansur
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Macromolecules, Center of Technology, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21945-970 Brazil
vesicular nanosystems
niosomes
polymeric surfactants
drug delivery
gene delivery
Nanosystems used in the pharmaceutical field aim to guarantee a controlled release and efficacy boost with dose reduction of the drug. The same active ingredient could be vehiculated in different concentrations in distinct nanosystems. Among these nanostructures, the vesicular ones present a versatile delivery system that could be applied to encapsulate lipophilic, amphiphilic, and hydrophilic compounds. Liposomes are the most well-known vesicular nanosystems; however, there are others, such as niosomes, that are composed of nonionic surfactants that are polymeric or conventional. Niosomes could be prepared using the thin film hydration method, in which the active ingredient is solubilized in organic solvent with the surfactant or in aqueous solution depending on its polarity. In addition, co-surfactants could be used to improve stabilization and vesicle integrity because they occupy regions in the interface where the mainly surfactant could not reach. Vesicular nanosystems could be characterized by different techniques, such as microscopy, dynamic light scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance, and others. These nanostructures could be applied to drugs (administered by different routes) or to gene and cosmetic delivery systems.