Begell House Inc.
High Temperature Material Processes: An International Quarterly of High-Technology Plasma Processes
HTM
1093-3611
7
3
2003
IN-FLIGHT OXIDATION AND EVAPORATION OF PLASMA-SPRAYED IRON PARTICLES
277-298
10.1615/HighTempMatProc.v7.i3.10
Hanwei
Zhang
Columbia University, Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, New York, NY 10027, USA
Armelle
Vardelle
ENSIL, ESTER Technopole, 87068 Limoges - France
Nickolas J.
Themelis
Columbia University, Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, New York, NY 10027, USA
Metal particles injected in a plasma jet flowing through air may be subjected to evaporation and reaction with entrained oxygen. These phenomena are undesirable from the viewpoints of quality of coating, powder utilization, and fume formation. This paper is concerned with the plasma-spraying of iron powders and presents the results of four sequential models that simulated, a) temperature/velocity/concentration profiles and particle trajectories in the jet flow, b) heat transfer between plasma gas and particles, c) interaction between iron evaporation and oxidation phenomena, and d) oxidation rate of liquid iron droplets along particle trajectories The results showed that oxidation may be enhanced by induced flow within the particle that sweeps away the outer layer of iron oxide and exposes new metal surface. Also, the presence of oxygen in the enveloping atmosphere enhances metal evaporation by decreasing the thickness of the boundary layer around the particle. The model projections are in fair agreement with experimental observations of plasma-sprayed iron particles and fume formation.
NITRIDATION OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL IN A NITROGEN PLASMA
299-306
10.1615/HighTempMatProc.v7.i3.20
Liudas
Pranevicius
Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Kaunas, Lithuania
D.
Milcius
Lithuanian Energy Institute, 3 Breslaujos St., LT-3035 Kaunas, Lithuania
G.
Abrasonis
Vytautas Magnus University, 8 Vileikos St., LT-3035 Kaunas, Lithuania; and Laboratoire de Metallurgie Physique, Universite de Poitiers, Bd. Marie et Pierre CURIE, B.P. 30179, 86962 Futuroscope Chasseneuil Cedex, France
J.
Nomgaudyte
Vytautas Magnus University, 8 Vileikos St., LT-3035 Kaunas, Lithuania
L. L.
Pranevicius
Lithuanian Energy Institute; and VytautasMagnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
C.
Templier
Laboratoire de Metallurgie Physique, Universite de Poitiers, Bd. Marie et Pierre CURIE, B.P. 30179, 86962 Futuroscope Chasseneuil Cedex, France
J.-P.
Riviere
Laboratoire de Metallurgie Physique, Universite de Poitiers, Bd. Marie et Pierre CURIE, B.P. 30179, 86962 Futuroscope Chasseneuil Cedex, France
The effectiveness of the austenitic stainless steel nitriding can be significantly increased using an ultra high atomic nitrogen flux produced by a plasma torch at atmospheric pressure. It is shown, employing Glow Discharge Optical Spectroscopy (GDOS) profiling technique and cross-sectional Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis that an efficient nitriding proceeds at temperature above 350-400°C. The thickness of the nitrided layer is up to 150-200 μ;m after 25 min of processing. The possible nitriding mechanism is proposed with the emphasis on the interaction between the free surfaces, grain boundaries and bulk. The high-flux external irradiation increases the surface chemical potential and creates the compressive stress in the near surface layer. Stress relaxation initiates inelastic processes in grains, mainly dislocation glide, and related mass-transport of matrix atoms including nitrogen, supplied through the grain (subgrain) boundaries of crystallites and dislocations.
PURIFICATION AND HYDROGENATION OF METALLURGICAL SILICON POWDER BY RF THERMAL PLASMA. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DEPOSIT
307-312
10.1615/HighTempMatProc.v7.i3.30
M.
Benmansour
Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Plasmas et Traitement de Surface − Université Pierre et Marie Curie − Paris 6 - ENSCP, 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05
M.
Nickravech
Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Plasmas et Traitement de Surface − Université Pierre et Marie Curie − Paris 6 - ENSCP, 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
E.
Francke
Laboratoire de Génie Procédés Plasmas et Traitement de Surface, Université Pierre et Mane Curie- ENSCP 11-13, rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
Daniel
Morvan
Laboratoire de Genie des Precedes Plasmas Universite P. et M. Curie, ENSCP 11 rue P. et M. Curie 75005 Paris France
Jacques
Amouroux
Laboratoire de Genie des Precedes Plasmas Universite P. et M. Curie, ENSCP 11 rue P. et M. Curie 75005 Paris France
D.
Ballutaud
Laboratoire de Physique des Solides et de Cristallogenese, CNRS, 1 place Aristide Briand, F-92195 Meudon CEDEX, France
Plasma deposition process of metallurgical grade silicon powders was used in order to combine purification and deposition processes onto different kinds of substrate with a high deposition rate (≈ 100 μ;m.mn−1). The particles are heated, melted, partially vaporised and finally deposited on a substrate. Under optimised experimental conditions dense deposits are obtained on ceramic substrate with a thickness close to 1 mm. Except the final crystallised zone, EDX and ICP analysis show that the deposits have good purity. However, because of a fast crystallisation, several crystalline defects have been observed. Introduction of hydrogen was used in order to passive this defects and to increase the photovoltaic properties.
STARK BROADENING OF SPECTRAL LINE SHAPES
313-318
10.1615/HighTempMatProc.v7.i3.40
Milan S.
Dimitrijevic
Astronomical Observatory, Volgina 7, 11160 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
Sylvie
Sahal-Brechot
LERMA, Unite de recherche du CNRS 8112, Observatoire de Paris, Section de Meudon, F-92195 Meudon Cedex, France
The importance of Stark broadening research is discussed. Then, a short review of French-Serbian collaboration on the theoretical investigations (within the frame of the semiclassical perturbation approach) of Stark broadening of nonhydrogenic spectral line shapes is presented, with a bibliography of results published in international journals.
APPLICATION OF THE LASER SIMULATION METHOD OF CRATER CREATION IN THE LASER-AL SOLID TARGET EXPERIMENT ON THE PALS FACILITY
319-326
10.1615/HighTempMatProc.v7.i3.50
T.
Pisarczyk
Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 23 Hery St., 00-908 Warsaw 49, Poland
S.
Borodziuk
Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 23 Hery St., 00-908 Warsaw 49, Poland
A.
Kasperczuk
Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 23 Hery St., 00-908 Warsaw 49, Poland
K.
Jungwirth
Joint Research Laboratory PALS of the Institute of Physics and Institute of Plasma Physics, Acad. Sci. CR, Za Slovankou 3,182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
B.
Kralikova
Joint Research Laboratory PALS of the Institute of Physics and Institute of Plasma Physics, Acad. Sci. CR, Za Slovankou 3,182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
E.
Krousky
Joint Research Laboratory PALS of the Institute of Physics and Institute of Plasma Physics, Acad. Sci. CR, Za Slovankou 3,182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
K.
Masek
Joint Research Laboratory PALS of the Institute of Physics and Institute of Plasma Physics, Acad. Sci. CR, Za Slovankou 3,182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
M.
Pfeifer
Joint Research Laboratory PALS of the Institute of Physics and Institute of Plasma Physics, Acad. Sci. CR, Za Slovankou 3,182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
K.
Rohlena
Joint Research Laboratory PALS of the Institute of Physics and Institute of Plasma Physics, Acad. Sci. CR, Za Slovankou 3,182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
J.
Skala
Joint Research Laboratory PALS of the Institute of Physics and Institute of Plasma Physics, Acad. Sci. CR, Za Slovankou 3,182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
J.
Ullschmied
Joint Research Laboratory PALS of the Institute of Physics and Institute of Plasma Physics, Acad. Sci. CR, Za Slovankou 3,182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
M.
Kalal
Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, 11519 Praha 1, Czech Republic
J.
Limpouch
Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, 11519 Praha 1, Czech Republic
P.
Pisarczyk
Institute of Computer Science, Warsaw University of Technology, 15/19 Nowowiejska St. 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
The crater formation process is studied in the “laser - Al solid target” interactions on the PALS (Prague Asterix Laser System) iodine laser facility. A great variety of laser beam parameters are used to irradiate massive aluminum targets. Large laser energies available (up to 600 J) open a possibility to investigate the process of crater formation for physical conditions different from the earlier studies for the lower laser energies. Comparison with the earlier results is presented. A simple theory LSM (laser simulation method) has been applied for the analysis of the experimental results. This model leads to a universal relation (scaling law) for the crater relative volume. Our work expands the study of crater formation to the “virtual” macroparticle velocities exceeding 100 km/s. The scaling law is derived here for this previously unexplored region. An alternative method of studying crater formation is also proposed.
MEASUREMENTS OF ENERGETIC IONS PRODUCED BY HIGH-ENERGY LASER PULSES BY MEANS OF SOLID-STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS
327-332
10.1615/HighTempMatProc.v7.i3.60
A.
Szydlowski
The Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies (SINS), 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland
J.
Badziak
Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 23 Eery St (23), 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
P.
Parys
Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Micro fusion, 23 Eery St (23), 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
J.
Wolowski
Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 23 Eery St (23), 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
E.
Woryna
Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Micro fusion, 23 Eery St (23), 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
K.
Jungwirth
Joint Research Laboratory PALS of the Institute of Physics and Institute of Plasma Physics, Acad. Sci. CR, Za Slovankou 3,182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
B.
Kralikova
Joint Research Laboratory PALS of the Institute of Physics and Institute of Plasma Physics, Acad. Sci. CR, Za Slovankou 3,182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
J.
Krasa
Joint Research Laboratory PALS of the Institute of Plasma Physics, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Za Slovankom 3, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republik
L.
Laska
Joint Research Laboratory PALS of the Institute of Plasma Physics, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Za Slovankom 3, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republik
M.
Pfeifer
Joint Research Laboratory PALS of the Institute of Physics and Institute of Plasma Physics, Acad. Sci. CR, Za Slovankou 3,182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
K.
Rohlena
Joint Research Laboratory PALS of the Institute of Physics and Institute of Plasma Physics, Acad. Sci. CR, Za Slovankou 3,182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
J.
Skala
Joint Research Laboratory PALS of the Institute of Physics and Institute of Plasma Physics, Acad. Sci. CR, Za Slovankou 3,182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
J.
Ullschmied
Joint Research Laboratory PALS of the Institute of Physics and Institute of Plasma Physics, Acad. Sci. CR, Za Slovankou 3,182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
F. D.
Boody
Ion Light Technology GmbH, 93077 Bada Abbach, Germany
S.
Gammino
INFN-Laboratori Nazionale del Sud, Via S.Sofia 44, 95123, Catania, Italy
L.
Torrisi
INFN-Laboratori Nazionale del Sud, Via S.Sofia 44, 95123, Catania, Italy
The iodine laser PALS operated at the fundamental 1ω0 and third harmonic 3ω0 frequencies (wavelengths 1315 nm and 438 nm, respectively) was used for the generation of plasmas of various Z-number targets. The investigation were performed at energies up to 800 J and 250 J for 1ω0 and 3ω0, respectively, in the 400 ps pulses. In these conditions attention is paid to the application of the solid state nuclear track detectors of the PM-355 type for measurements of parameters of ions emitted from the laser produced plasmas. Detector samples were masked with different Al.-foil filters for making possible a rough estimation of ion energy. Track densities of the order of magnitude >107 tracks/cm2 were observed on the uncovered detectors and on detectors masked with 0.75 and 1.5 μ;m thick Al.-foils. It confirms that Ag-, and Ta-ions of energy in the MeV range were emitted from the targets irradiated with the laser pulses. The ion streams were estimated on the basis of the track densities for different experimental conditions. The results were compared with those obtained with the use of ion collectors.
THE INFLUENCE OF COPPER ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF CEO2 THIN FILMS DEPOSITED BY PULSED LASER DEPOSITION
333-342
10.1615/HighTempMatProc.v7.i3.70
M.
Klimczak-Chmielowska
Faculty of Metallurgy and Science, University of Mining of Metallurgy, Cracow, Poland; and Laboratoire L2MP, Universite de Toulon et du Var, La Garde, France
R.
Chmielowski
Faculty of Metallurgy and Science, University of Mining of Metallurgy, Cracow, Poland; and Laboratoire L2MP, Universite de Toulon et du Var, La Garde, France
A.
Kopia
Faculty of Metallurgy and Science, University of Mining of Metallurgy, Cracow, Poland; and Laboratoire L2MP, Universite de Toulon et du Var, La Garde, France
J.
Kusinski
Faculty of Metallurgy and Science, University of Mining of Metallurgy, Cracow, Poland
Ch.
Leroux
Laboratoire L2MP, Universite de Toulon et du Var, La Garde, France
S.
Villain
Laboratoire L2MP, Universite de Toulon et du Var, La Garde, France
S.
Saiztek
Laboratoire L2MP, Universite de Toulon et du Var, La Garde, France
J. R.
Gavarri
Laboratoire L2MP, Universite de Toulon et du Var, La Garde, France
Thin films of cerium dioxide doped with Cu were elaborated by Pulsed Laser Deposition technique from sintered Cu-CeO2 targets. The films were deposited on (100) oriented Si substrates. Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy, as well as x-ray diffraction analyses showed correlation between a copper atom fractions and crystalline structure of (Cu, Ce)O2 thin films. As demonstrated by x-ray diffraction analysis, when the quantity of Cu increases, the (Cu,Ce)O2 thin films manufactured by laser ablation show a change of the crystal growth preferential orientation (c-axis-orientation) from strong <111> to a strong <200> ones. Infrared Spectrometry showed that, the change of the copper doped ceria crystals (Cu,Ce)O2 texture has a significant influence on their catalytic behaviour with CH4.
NEW SPECTROSCOPIC DATA FOR DIAGNOSTICS OF LOW TEMPERATURE PLASMAS
343-355
10.1615/HighTempMatProc.v7.i3.80
Jozef
Musielok
Institute of Physics, Opole University, ul. Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland
Recently determined transition probabilities for spectral lines of atomic carbon and nitrogen from the visible and infrared part of the spectrum are reviewed. New Stark -broadening measurements for selected nitrogen lines and infrared hydrogen transitions of the Paschen series, useful for diagnostics of low temperature plasmas, are reported. The reviewed data have been obtained from emission measurements applying a wall-stabilized arc operated at atmospheric pressure in a mixture of helium and the elements under study. The experimental data are compared with recent advanced calculations. The results are very useful for many applications e.g. for interpretation of stellar spectra and diagnostics of low temperature plasmas, containing the above mentioned elements.
REDUCTION OF TUNGSTEN PRECURSORS IN INDUCTIVE RF DISCHARGE PLASMA REACTORS
357-366
10.1615/HighTempMatProc.v7.i3.90
Jan
Janca
Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
Marek
Elias
Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
Vlastimil
Brozek
Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, CZ-16628 Prague; Institute of Plasma Physics, ASCR, Za Slovankou 3,182 00 Prague 8
The new plasma chemical reduction techniques of tungsten precursors were investigated with the aim of producing tungsten powder with high sinterable activity, permitting to rise the density of tungsten compact products above the hitherto technological limit. The application of non-isothermic hydrogen plasma allows the iniciation of reduction processes at low temperature of neutral gas. The high electron temperature makes possible the increase in atomic hydrogen concentration entering the reduction process. For the reduction of pulverised ammonium paratungstate (APT) to tungsten metal powder by hydrogen plasma we used hydrogen as the main gas, in some cases admixture of argon was applied. The series of experiments with APT of different granulometry demonstrated that reduction takes place even at 600 °C and that the kinetics of the reaction is mainly influenced by diffusion of hydrogen into solid phase pores.
THE PRODUCTION OF SHAPED GLASS-CERAMIC MATERIALS FROM INORGANIC WASTE PRECURSORS USING CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERIC DC PLASMA VITRIFICATION AND CRYSTALLISATION
367-372
10.1615/HighTempMatProc.v7.i3.100
David E.
Deegan
Tetronics, Unit A2, Marston Gate, Off Stirling Road, South Marston Park, Swindon, Wiltshire, SN3 4DE, United Kingdom
Chris D.
Chapman
Tetronics, Unit A2, Marston Gate, Off Stirling Road, South Marston Park, Swindon, Wiltshire, SN3 4DE, United Kingdom
Chris
Bowen
Bath University, Department of Engineering and Applied Science, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
A tilting, twin electrode/torch cold skull plasma reactor has been used for the production of glass-ceramic materials from waste ashes and sediments. The reactor produced a homogeneous and de-gassed melt over a skull of the same composition within a single chamber, which allowed the rapid attainment of steady state conditions. The as-cast tiles were subjected to a scientifically defined cooling and heat treatment cycle to encourage the formation of crystalline phases and a uniform microstructure. The material performance requirements for economical viability, practical applications and ecological compatibility have been assessed. Dynamic process control has been used to compensate for the complex and variable nature of the waste streams to produce a consistent product.
USE OF THE TRIPLE TORCH PLASMA REACTOR IN TECHNOLOGY OF PESTICIDE PROCESSING
373-382
10.1615/HighTempMatProc.v7.i3.110
A. L.
Mosse
Plasma Physics and Chemistry Laboratory, A. V. Luikov Heat and Mass Transfer Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, P.Brovka str. 15, 220072, Minsk, Belarus
V. D.
Shimanovich
Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, P.Brovka str. 15, 220072, Minsk, Belarus
E. M.
Ermolaeva
Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, P.Brovka str. 15, 220072, Minsk, Belarus
A. N.
Knak
Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, P.Brovka str. 15, 220072, Minsk, Belarus
L. I.
Krasovskaya
Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, P.Brovka str. 15, 220072, Minsk, Belarus
Experimental study of thermal neutralization of some pesticides with a expired term of validity was carried out in the three-jet plasma reactor. Different physical-chemical methods were used for analysis of products of waste processing. It was shown that plasma technology provides effective processing of toxic wastes.
RF THERMAL. PLASMA PARTIAL MELTING OF DOMESTIC WASTE INCINERATION ASHES
383-390
10.1615/HighTempMatProc.v7.i3.120
H.
Lange
Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University, 1 Pasteur st., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
A.
Huczko
Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University, 1 Pasteur st., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
G.
Chojecki
University of Warsaw, Department of Chemistry, Warsaw, Poland
J.
Golimowski
University of Warsaw, Department of Chemistry, Warsaw, Poland
W.W.
Plotczyk
Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
B.
Krasnodebska-Ostrega
University of Warsaw, Department of Chemistry, Warsaw, Poland
Takamasa
Ishigaki
National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
H.
Tanaka
National Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials, Ibaraki, Japan
In in-flight plasma processing of incineration residuals (from Warsaw municipal incinerator) was carried out in RF plasma. The processed solids were analyzed by microscopy and chemical techniques (ICP-MS). Comparative analysis before and after plasma treatment led to the evaluation of physical and chemical transformations of reactants.
ON-LINE QUALIFICATION OF CHLORINATED DESORBED SPECIES RESULTING FROM POLLUTED ASHES BY LOW PRESSURE PLASMA PROCESS
391-406
10.1615/HighTempMatProc.v7.i3.130
P.
Rousseau
Laboratoire de Genie des Precedes Plasmas et Traitement de Surfaces, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
S.
Cavadias
Laboratoire Genie Precedes Plasmas - ENSCP 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie - 75005 Paris- France
Jacques
Amouroux
Laboratoire de Genie des Precedes Plasmas Universite P. et M. Curie, ENSCP 11 rue P. et M. Curie 75005 Paris France
The incineration of Municipal Solid Wastes generates toxic products like fly ashes containing heavy metals and organochlorinated compounds. The presence of these materials in the fly ashes makes their treatment and valorization very difficult. In this work we present a process for the real time desorption and concentration measurement of chlorinated compounds and heavy metals. To this end a radio frequency (13.56 MHz) low pressure plasma (<500 Pa) process has been developed. The chemical analysis of exhaust gases for the identification of chlorinated compounds has been performed by on-line mass spectrometry. The heavy metals have been identified by optical emission spectroscopy. This study cleary shows that the low pressure plasma enhances the desorption of chlorine compounds. Furthermore, the hydrogen addition leads to a decrease of the reactive chlorine species and simultaneously, an increase of HCl.
COLD ELECTRODE EROSION MODEL FOR PULSED ARCS APPLIED TO THE ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING PROCESS
407-413
10.1615/HighTempMatProc.v7.i3.140
L. I.
Sharakhovsky
The Luikov Heat & Mass Transfer Institute, P. Brovki street, 15,220072, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
A.
Marotta
Institute of Physics, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, SP, Brazil
A. M.
Essiptchouk
Instituto de Fisica "Gleb Wataghin", Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, 13083-970, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; The Luikov Heat & Mass Transfer Institute, P. Brovki street, 15, 220072, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
A simple erosion model for electrical discharge machining (EDM) is proposed and compared to other authors' cathode experimental data. From these comparisons, the effective arc spot current density and erosion enthalpy have been obtained. The good agreement between the experimental results and the theoretically calculated erosion curve validates the model.