RT Journal Article ID 62ee32753ce90997 A1 Rezende, Rafael M. A1 Weiner, Howard L. T1 Cellular Components and Mechanisms of Oral Tolerance Induction JF Critical Reviews™ in Immunology JO CRI YR 2018 FD 2018-06-29 VO 38 IS 3 SP 207 OP 231 K1 Oral tolerance K1 gut mucosa K1 innate and adaptive immune cells AB Oral tolerance can be defined as an inhibition of specific immune responsiveness to subsequent parenteral injections of proteins to which an individual or animal has been previously exposed via the oral route. Multiple mechanisms of tolerance are induced by oral-fed antigens, but induction of regulatory CD4 T-cells expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 and the membrane-bound TGF-β stands out as the major players in oral tolerance. Oral antigen administration suppresses several animal models of autoimmune disease, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, uveitis, thyroiditis, myasthenia, arthritis, and diabetes, but also nonautoimmune inflammatory conditions such as asthma, atherosclerosis, graft rejection, allergy, and stroke. However, human trials have produced mixed results, and a great deal remains to be learned about the mechanisms of oral tolerance before it can be successfully applied to people. In this review, we highlight the cellular components involved in oral tolerance induction. A deep knowledge of these intricate cell interactions will pave the way for a successful application of antigen tolerance to treat autoimmune and nonautoimmune inflammatory diseases. PB Begell House LK https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/2ff21abf44b19838,79565bc533488045,62ee32753ce90997.html