RT Journal Article ID 7655bd5a3b589425 A1 Sinha, Prakash Kumar A1 Sinha, Eshu Singhal A1 Kaur, Jagdeep T1 Biomarkers of Cardiac Health and Disease JF Critical Reviews™ in Biomedical Engineering JO CRB YR 2019 FD 2019-12-03 VO 47 IS 5 SP 395 OP 407 K1 biomarkers K1 cardiovascular diseases K1 exosomes K1 heart failure K1 myocardial infarction K1 sudden cardiac death AB Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are globally associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. CVDs are diagnosed based on clinical assessment, physical examination, disease history, electrocardiogram, and chest X-ray. However, these parameters have limited sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, CVDs include a range of conditions and are characterized by a wide variation in symptoms. Some patients with CVDs can also be asymptomatic. Hence, biomarkers are required for CVD confirmatory diagnoses. Although various biomarkers are suggestive of different CVDs, most of them are not used clinically in CVD diagnosis. This is because a single molecule is not completely suitable for diagnosis, especially at an early stage, or these markers have not been exploited beyond study stages. Because CVDs globally affect millions of individuals, a method for confirmatory detection at onset is eagerly required for effective clinical management of patients. This review focuses on potential biomolecules that can indicate the presence of different CVDs and cardiac health status. PB Begell House LK https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/4b27cbfc562e21b8,64d42ebb214cd3c3,7655bd5a3b589425.html