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Critical Reviews™ in Immunology

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ISSN Печать: 1040-8401

ISSN Онлайн: 2162-6472

The Impact Factor measures the average number of citations received in a particular year by papers published in the journal during the two preceding years. 2017 Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics, 2018) IF: 1.3 To calculate the five year Impact Factor, citations are counted in 2017 to the previous five years and divided by the source items published in the previous five years. 2017 Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics, 2018) 5-Year IF: 2.6 The Eigenfactor score, developed by Jevin West and Carl Bergstrom at the University of Washington, is a rating of the total importance of a scientific journal. Journals are rated according to the number of incoming citations, with citations from highly ranked journals weighted to make a larger contribution to the eigenfactor than those from poorly ranked journals. Eigenfactor: 0.00079 The Journal Citation Indicator (JCI) is a single measurement of the field-normalized citation impact of journals in the Web of Science Core Collection across disciplines. The key words here are that the metric is normalized and cross-disciplinary. JCI: 0.24 SJR: 0.429 SNIP: 0.287 CiteScore™:: 2.7 H-Index: 81

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Structure, Activity, and Immune (T and B Cell) Recognition of Botulinum Neurotoxins

Том 19, Выпуск 3, 1999, 42 pages
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevImmunol.v19.i3.30
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Краткое описание

Botulism, which was first reported over a century ago, is caused by botulinum neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum in seven immunological serotypes (A through G). The primary structures of a number of these BoNTs have been determined and are reviewed here, together with their gene structure and synthesis. The biological actions of BoNTs, which result in their ability to block neurotransmitter release have been the subject of intensive study, and in this review we discuss the binding of BoNTs to the cell surface as well as the mechanism of their intercellular action. The ability of BoNTs to block neurotransmitter release has been exploited in therapeutic applications to reduce muscle hyperactivity for the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions associated with involuntary muscle spasm and contractions. The advantages, limitations, and risks of these applications are discussed. Certain compounds provide some limited protection against BoNT. However, more effective protection has been obtained immunologically either by passive immunity (i.e., by administration of anti-BoNT Abs) or by immunization with inactivated toxin. More recently, excellent protec¬tion has been obtained by immunization with the receptor-binding region comprising the C-terminal (residues 860 to 1296) fragment (HC) of the heavy chain of BoNT/A. Here we review the mapping of the epitopes on the Hc region of BoNT/A that are recognized by anti-BoNT/A Abs raised in horse, human, and mouse. The epitopes on the HC that are recognized by anti-HC Abs and by HC-primed T lymphocytes were mapped in two mouse strains [BALB/c (H-2d) and SJL (H-2S)]. The peptides, which contain Ab or T cell epitopes (or both) on the HC, were used as immunogens in BALB/c and SJL mice and we identified those peptides whose Ab and/or T-cell responses cross-react with HC. Identification of these peptides is an important first step in the intricate requirements for the design of a synthetic vaccine.

ЦИТИРОВАНО В
  1. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar B., Tajhya Rajeev B., Beeton Christine, Zouhair Atassi M., Antigenic sites on the HN domain of botulinum neurotoxin A stimulate protective antibody responses against active toxin, Scientific Reports, 5, 1, 2015. Crossref

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