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Atomization and Sprays
Editor-in-Chief Europe: Günter Brenn (open in a new tab)
Editor-in-Chief Americas: Marcus Herrmann (open in a new tab)
Редактор-основатель: Norman Chigier (open in a new tab)

Выходит 12 номеров в год

ISSN Печать: 1044-5110

ISSN Онлайн: 1936-2684

The Impact Factor measures the average number of citations received in a particular year by papers published in the journal during the two preceding years. 2017 Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics, 2018) IF: 1.2 To calculate the five year Impact Factor, citations are counted in 2017 to the previous five years and divided by the source items published in the previous five years. 2017 Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics, 2018) 5-Year IF: 1.8 The Immediacy Index is the average number of times an article is cited in the year it is published. The journal Immediacy Index indicates how quickly articles in a journal are cited. Immediacy Index: 0.3 The Eigenfactor score, developed by Jevin West and Carl Bergstrom at the University of Washington, is a rating of the total importance of a scientific journal. Journals are rated according to the number of incoming citations, with citations from highly ranked journals weighted to make a larger contribution to the eigenfactor than those from poorly ranked journals. Eigenfactor: 0.00095 The Journal Citation Indicator (JCI) is a single measurement of the field-normalized citation impact of journals in the Web of Science Core Collection across disciplines. The key words here are that the metric is normalized and cross-disciplinary. JCI: 0.28 SJR: 0.341 SNIP: 0.536 CiteScore™:: 1.9 H-Index: 57

Indexed in

DROPLET SIZE AND VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS FROM COMMERCIAL "FOGGER" TYPE PEPPER SPRAY PRODUCTS

Том 18, Выпуск 4, 2008, pp. 287-313
DOI: 10.1615/AtomizSpr.v18.i4.10
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Краткое описание

Commercial pepper spray devices are available that deliver either a coherent liquid stream or an aerosol from the canister. Information is unavailable in the literature regarding either the spray characteristics (i.e., the droplet diameter, velocity, and number density) or the canister-to-canister variability of these devices. Consequently, their performance in delivering the active agent to the target is not well characterized and the amount of material delivered as small, potentially harmful, particles is unknown. This investigation used phase Doppler interferometry (PDI) to measure the size and velocity distributions of aerosol-type pepper sprays. This information was used to obtain preliminary information on the amount of smaller diameter droplets present in pepper spray products currently on the market. This preliminary information could then be combined with toxicity information (expected to become available) to determine whether the potential hazard is sufficient to warrant further study. Thus, characterization of the sprays (i.e., both droplet size and velocity) at the target location is important for this purpose. Each canister was fired repeatedly to discharge its contents in 1 s shots at 1 min intervals until the PDI could not detect droplets. Four different sets of commercially available pepper spray canisters were studied to document the variation in the aerosol diameter distribution from shot to shot. The results indicated that there were significant differences in the spray characteristics for the different canister sets. The number of shots per canister varied among the sets of canisters. The droplet mean diameter was fairly constant per shot for three of the four canister sets (averaging 54.0 μm with a standard deviation of 2.4 μm for all shots from these three sets) until nearly all of the canister liquid contents were expelled. At this point, the values of the droplet mean diameter, streamwise velocity, and number of droplets decreased significantly. The droplet diameters detected varied from a few micrometers (at the detection limit of the optical arrangement) to about 120 μm. For some groups, the diameter distributions were bimodal with peaks at about 10 μm and 40 μm.

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