Доступ предоставлен для: Guest
Critical Reviews™ in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
Ассоциированный редактор: Rajani Mullerpatan (open in a new tab)

Выходит 4 номеров в год

ISSN Печать: 0896-2960

ISSN Онлайн: 2162-6553

SJR: 0.141 SNIP: 0.129 CiteScore™:: 0.6 H-Index: 18

Indexed in

A Review of Spasticity Treatments: Pharmacological and Interventional Approaches

Том 25, Выпуск 1-2, 2013, pp. 11-22
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.2013007945
Get accessGet access

Краткое описание

Spasticity is a velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone and uncontrolled, repetitive, involuntary contractions of skeletal muscles. Spasticity presents as upper motor neuron symptoms in patients with central nervous system pathology such as stroke, spinal cord injury, brain injury, or multiple sclerosis. As a result, a patient can have significant pain and limited mobility, which can lead to decreased quality of life and difficulty maintaining personal care. In this article we discuss mechanisms, indications, efficacy, and side effects of the most accepted current treatments. Currently available treatment options include oral medications and interventional procedures. Oral medications comprise centrally acting agents, such as baclofen, clonidine, and tizanidine, as well as anticonvulsants such as benzodiazepines and gabapentin and peripherally acting dantrolene. Interventional procedures include focal injections of botulinum toxin, phenol or alcohol, and an intrathecal baclofen pump. Surgical treatments include selective dorsal rhizotomy and neurectomy. We found that there are several treatments available with data to support their use, but many still need further research to prove their efficacy and develop optimal utilization.

Ключевые слова: spasticity, treatment, upper motor neuron disease
ЦИТИРОВАНО В
  1. Yokoyama Kazumasa, Hattori Nobutaka, Management of multiple sclerosis in daily practice for general neurologist and healthcare professionals, Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology, 7, 1, 2016. Crossref

  2. Maia Maurício Oliva Nascimento, Dantas Camila Gomes, Xavier Filho Lauro, Cândido Edna Aragão Farias, Gomes Margarete Zanardo, The Effect ofAlpinia zerumbetEssential Oil on Post-Stroke Muscle Spasticity, Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 118, 1, 2016. Crossref

  3. Dubey Divyanshu, Sguigna Peter, Stüve Olaf, Managing Disability in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis, Current Treatment Options in Neurology, 18, 6, 2016. Crossref

  4. Ma Peng-Ju, Gao Guo-Jun, Chang Hai-Gang, Shen Fa-Zheng, Hui Lei, Jin Bao-Zhe, Prolonged and Floating Drug Delivery System of Gabapentin for Effective Management of Pain in Spinal Cord Injury, International Journal of Pharmacology, 12, 4, 2016. Crossref

  5. Pérez-Arredondo Adán, Cázares-Ramírez Eduardo, Carrillo-Mora Paul, Martínez-Vargas Marina, Cárdenas-Rodríguez Noemí, Coballase-Urrutia Elvia, Alemón-Medina Radamés, Sampieri Aristides, Navarro Luz, Carmona-Aparicio Liliana, Baclofen in the Therapeutic of Sequele of Traumatic Brain Injury: Spasticity, Clinical Neuropharmacology, 39, 6, 2016. Crossref

  6. Dressler Dirk, Bhidayasiri Roongroj, Bohlega Saeed, Chahidi Abderrahmane, Chung Tae Mo, Ebke Markus, Jacinto L. Jorge, Kaji Ryuji, Koçer Serdar, Kanovsky Petr, Micheli Federico, Orlova Olga, Paus Sebastian, Pirtosek Zvezdan, Relja Maja, Rosales Raymond L., Sagástegui-Rodríguez José Alberto, Schoenle Paul W., Shahidi Gholam Ali, Timerbaeva Sofia, Walter Uwe, Saberi Fereshte Adib, Botulinum toxin therapy for treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: review and recommendations of the IAB-Interdisciplinary Working Group for Movement Disorders task force, Journal of Neurology, 264, 1, 2017. Crossref

  7. Sitthinamsuwan Bunpot, Phonwijit Luckchai, Khampalikit Inthira, Nitising Akkapong, Nunta-aree Sarun, Suksompong Sirilak, Comparison of efficacy between dorsal root entry zone lesioning and selective dorsal rhizotomy for spasticity of cerebral origin, Acta Neurochirurgica, 159, 12, 2017. Crossref

  8. Hu Shuaiyu, Zhuo Lifan, Zhang Xiaoming, Yang Shengbo, Localization of nerve entry points as targets to block spasticity of the deep posterior compartment muscles of the leg, Clinical Anatomy, 30, 7, 2017. Crossref

  9. DiPiro Nicole D., Li Chao, Krause James S., A longitudinal study of self-reported spasticity among individuals with chronic spinal cord injury, Spinal Cord, 56, 3, 2018. Crossref

  10. Sturgill Emily L., Wittwer Robert L., Novel Treatment Using Intravenous Dantrolene Sodium for Postoperative Exacerbated Spasticity in Multiple Sclerosis: A Case Report, A&A Practice, 11, 1, 2018. Crossref

  11. Balsara Karl, Jea Andrew, Raskin Jeffrey S., Neurosurgical Management of Spastic Conditions of the Upper Extremity, Hand Clinics, 34, 4, 2018. Crossref

  12. Tran Amanda Phuong, Warren Philippa Mary, Silver Jerry, The Biology of Regeneration Failure and Success After Spinal Cord Injury, Physiological Reviews, 98, 2, 2018. Crossref

  13. Moon Daniel K., Johnson Ashley M.F., Lower Extremity Problem-Solving, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 29, 3, 2018. Crossref

  14. Oskarsson Björn, Gendron Tania F., Staff Nathan P., Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Update for 2018, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 93, 11, 2018. Crossref

  15. Weyhenmeyer Jonathan, Lee Albert, IDDS for Spasticity, Dystonia, and Rigidity, in Functional Neurosurgery and Neuromodulation, 2019. Crossref

  16. Markovà Jolana, Essner Ute, Akmaz Bülent, Marinelli Marcella, Trompke Christiane, Lentschat Arnd, Vila Carlos, Sativex® as add-on therapy vs. further optimized first-line ANTispastics (SAVANT) in resistant multiple sclerosis spasticity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial, International Journal of Neuroscience, 129, 2, 2019. Crossref

  17. Cancel David, Alejandro Ruth, Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury, in Rehabilitation After Traumatic Brain Injury, 2019. Crossref

  18. Napoleone Donna, Silberglied Taylor, L’Abbate Gina, Fried Dana, The Role of Occupational Therapy in Neurorehabilitation, in Acquired Brain Injury, 2019. Crossref

  19. Dy Rochelle, Roge Desiree, Medical Updates in Management of Hypertonia, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 31, 1, 2020. Crossref

  20. Ferrer Pastor M., Iñigo Huarte V., Juste Díaz J., Goiri Noguera D., Sogues Colom A., Cerezo Durá M., Revisión sistemática del tratamiento de la espasticidad en el adulto con daño cerebral adquirido, Rehabilitación, 54, 1, 2020. Crossref

  21. O. Barroso Filipe, Pascual-Valdunciel Alejandro, Torricelli Diego, C. Moreno Juan, Del Ama-Espinosa Antonio, Laczko Jozsef, L. Pons José, Noninvasive Modalities Used in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, in Spinal Cord Injury Therapy [Working Title], 2019. Crossref

  22. Cohen Bernard, Dai Mingjia, Yakushin Sergei B., Cho Catherine, The neural basis of motion sickness, Journal of Neurophysiology, 121, 3, 2019. Crossref

  23. Calabrò Rocco Salvatore, Naro Antonino, Pullia Massimo, Porcari Bruno, Torrisi Michele, La Rosa Gianluca, Manuli Alfredo, Billeri Luana, Bramanti Placido, Quattrini Fabrizio, Improving Sexual Function by Using Focal Vibrations in Men with Spinal Cord Injury: Encouraging Findings from a Feasibility Study, Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8, 5, 2019. Crossref

  24. Meyer Thomas, Funke Andreas, Münch Christoph, Kettemann Dagmar, Maier André, Walter Bertram, Thomas Annett, Spittel Susanne, Real world experience of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in the treatment of spasticity using tetrahydrocannabinol:cannabidiol (THC:CBD), BMC Neurology, 19, 1, 2019. Crossref

  25. Nielsen Suzanne, Murnion Bridin, Campbell Gabrielle, Young Helen, Hall Wayne, Cannabinoids for the treatment of spasticity, Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 61, 6, 2019. Crossref

  26. Kamal Zeinab, Rouhi Gholamreza, Significance of spine stability criteria on trunk muscle forces following unilateral muscle weakening: A comparison between kinematics-driven and stability-based kinematics-driven musculoskeletal models, Medical Engineering & Physics, 73, 2019. Crossref

  27. Parker John, Dietz Birte Elisabeth, Spinal cord stimulation for the relief of spasticity from cerebral palsy, Healthcare Technology Letters, 7, 3, 2020. Crossref

  28. Wright Steven L., Limited Utility for Benzodiazepines in Chronic Pain Management: A Narrative Review, Advances in Therapy, 37, 6, 2020. Crossref

  29. Mao Chunyou, Shen Cangsong, Li Chuntao, Shen Dan-Dan, Xu Chanjuan, Zhang Shenglan, Zhou Rui, Shen Qingya, Chen Li-Nan, Jiang Zhinong, Liu Jianfeng, Zhang Yan, Cryo-EM structures of inactive and active GABAB receptor, Cell Research, 30, 7, 2020. Crossref

  30. Shaye Hamidreza, Ishchenko Andrii, Lam Jordy Homing, Han Gye Won, Xue Li, Rondard Philippe, Pin Jean-Philippe, Katritch Vsevolod, Gati Cornelius, Cherezov Vadim, Structural basis of the activation of a metabotropic GABA receptor, Nature, 584, 7820, 2020. Crossref

  31. Abraham Mickey, Gold Justin, Dweck Jack, Ward Max, Gendreau Julian, Panse Neal, Holani Keshav, Gupta Priya, Mammis Antonios, Classifying Device-Related Complications Associated With Intrathecal Baclofen Pumps: A MAUDE Study, World Neurosurgery, 139, 2020. Crossref

  32. Murphy Brendan B., Mulcahey Patrick J., Driscoll Nicolette, Richardson Andrew G., Robbins Gregory T., Apollo Nicholas V., Maleski Kathleen, Lucas Timothy H., Gogotsi Yury, Dillingham Timothy, Vitale Flavia, A Gel‐Free Ti 3 C 2 T x ‐Based Electrode Array for High‐Density, High‐Resolution Surface Electromyography , Advanced Materials Technologies, 5, 8, 2020. Crossref

  33. Chinembiri Bianca, Ming Zhang, Kai Shang, Xiu Fang Zhang, Wei Chen, The fourier M2 robotic machine combined with occupational therapy on post-stroke upper limb function and independence-related quality of life: A randomized clinical trial, Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 28, 1, 2021. Crossref

  34. Adachi Masanori, Nagamune Kouki, A Development of Measurement System of Elbow Joint for Spasticity by Using Motor, 2019 1st International Conference on Electrical, Control and Instrumentation Engineering (ICECIE), 2019. Crossref

  35. Burkill Sarah, Smith Kelsi A., Stridh Pernilla, Kockum Ingrid, Hillert Jan, Lindahl Hannes, Alfredsson Lars, Olsson Tomas, Piehl Fredrik, Montgomery Scott, Bahmanyar Shahram, The DQB1*03:02 Genotype and Treatment for Pain in People With and Without Multiple Sclerosis, Frontiers in Neurology, 11, 2020. Crossref

  36. Hodge JohnieO, Brandmeir CherylL, Brandmeir NicholasJ, Neuromodulation Therapies for Spasticity Control: Now and Beyond, Neurology India, 68, 8, 2020. Crossref

  37. Cancel David, Alejandro Ruth E., Jones Faapmr, Dara D., Pediatric traumatic brain injury, in Brain Injury Medicine, 2021. Crossref

  38. Stillman Michael D., Ankam Nethra, Mallow Michael, Capron Maclain, Williams Steve, A survey of internal and family medicine residents: Assessment of disability-specific education and knowledge, Disability and Health Journal, 14, 2, 2021. Crossref

  39. Ifon Dora E, Ghatas Mina P, Davis John C, Khalil Refka E, Adler Robert A, Gorgey Ashraf S, Long-term effect of intrathecal baclofen treatment on bone health and body composition after spinal cord injury: A case matched report, World Journal of Orthopedics, 11, 10, 2020. Crossref

  40. Mansoor Rayegani Seyed, Babaee Marzieh, Ahmad Raeissadat Seyed, Rehabilitation Medicine Management of Spasticity, in Neurostimulation and Neuromodulation in Contemporary Therapeutic Practice, 2020. Crossref

  41. de Gray Lorraine E., Seth Bharti, Drugs used to treat joint and muscle disease, Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, 22, 1, 2021. Crossref

  42. Masciullo M., Pichiorri F., Scivoletto G., Foti C., Molinari M., Flumazenil therapy for a gabapentin-induced coma: a case report, Journal of Medical Case Reports, 15, 1, 2021. Crossref

  43. Sitthinamsuwan Bunpot, Khampalikit Inthira, Phonwijit Luckchai, Nitising Akkapong, Nunta-aree Sarun, Suksompong Sirilak, Dorsal Longitudinal T-Myelotomy (Bischof II Technique): A Useful, Antiquated Procedure for the Treatment of Intractable Spastic Paraplegia, World Neurosurgery, 116, 2018. Crossref

  44. Cikajlo Imre, Zadravec Matjaž, Matjačič Zlatko, Urh Filip, Šavc Martin, Kranjec Jernej, Divjak Matjaž, Frančič Aljaž, Potočnik Božidar, Holobar Aleš, High-density electromyography biofeedback during robotic wrist exercises for reducing co-activation of antagonist muscles: a case report, International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 44, 1, 2021. Crossref

  45. Liu Lei, Fan Zhiran, Rovira Xavier, Xue Li, Roux Salomé, Brabet Isabelle, Xin Mingxia, Pin Jean-Philippe, Rondard Philippe, Liu Jianfeng, Allosteric ligands control the activation of a class C GPCR heterodimer by acting at the transmembrane interface, eLife, 10, 2021. Crossref

  46. Trinh Kien, Belski Nikita, Zhou Fangwen, Kuhad Arul, Luk David, Youn Eunjae, The Efficacy of Acupuncture on Foot and Ankle for Pain Intensity, Functional Status, and General Quality of Life in Adults: A Systematic Review, Medical Acupuncture, 33, 6, 2021. Crossref

  47. Mallada Frechín Javier, Effect of tetrahydrocannabinol:cannabidiol oromucosal spray on activities of daily living in multiple sclerosis patients with resistant spasticity: a retrospective, observational study, Neurodegenerative Disease Management, 8, 3, 2018. Crossref

  48. LaRowe Brian L., Nussbaum Vicki M., In Support of Initial Parenteral Medical Management of Intrathecal Baclofen Withdrawal in Spasticity Patients, Journal of Pharmacy Technology, 37, 6, 2021. Crossref

  49. Han Alex, Carayannopoulos Alexios G., Comprehensive analysis of trends in Medicare utilization and reimbursement in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation : 2012 to 2017 , PM&R, 2021. Crossref

  50. SCHILLEBEECKX Fabienne, DE GROEF An, DE BEUKELAER Nathalie, DESLOOVERE Kaat, VERHEYDEN Geert, PEERS Koen, Muscle and tendon properties of the spastic lower leg after stroke defined by ultrasonography: a systematic review, European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 57, 4, 2021. Crossref

  51. Hüche Larsen Helle, Frisk Rasmus Feld, Willerslev-Olsen Maria, Nielsen Jens Bo, Motor-learning based activities may improve functional ability in adults with severe cerebral palsy: A controlled pilot study, NeuroRehabilitation, 48, 3, 2021. Crossref

  52. Kakodkar Pramath, Fallah Aria, Tu Albert, Systematic review on use and efficacy of selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) for the management of spasticity in non-pediatric patients, Child's Nervous System, 37, 6, 2021. Crossref

  53. Alam Mamtaj, Yadav Rajeshwar K., Minj Elizabeth, Tiwari Aarti, Mehan Sidharth, Exploring Molecular Approaches in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Drug Targets from Clinical and Pre-Clinical Findings, Current Molecular Pharmacology, 14, 3, 2021. Crossref

  54. Gyimesi Máté, Rauscher Anna Á., Suthar Sharad Kumar, Hamow Kamirán Á., Oravecz Kinga, Lőrincz István, Borhegyi Zsolt, Déri Máté T., Kiss Ádám F., Monostory Katalin, Szabó Pál Tamás, Nag Suman, Tomasic Ivan, Krans Jacob, Tierney Patrick J., Kovács Mihály, Kornya László, Málnási-Csizmadia András, Improved Inhibitory and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicology (ADMET) Properties of Blebbistatin Derivatives Indicate That Blebbistatin Scaffold Is Ideal for drug Development Targeting Myosin-2, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 376, 3, 2021. Crossref

  55. Dehnadi Moghadam Anoush, Hasanzadeh Hamed, Dehnadi Moghadam Fatemeh, Evaluation of the Effect of Intranasal Lidocaine in the Treatment of Spasticity in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, 11, 4, 2021. Crossref

  56. Lus Giacomo, Cantello Roberto, Danni Maura Chiara, Rini Agusto, Sarchielli Paola, Tassinari Tiziana, Signoriello Elisabetta, Palatability and oral cavity tolerability of THC:CBD oromucosal spray and possible improvement measures in multiple sclerosis patients with resistant spasticity: a pilot study, Neurodegenerative Disease Management, 8, 2, 2018. Crossref

  57. Motamedzadeh Omid, Ansari Noureddin Nakhostin, Naghdi Soofia, Azimi Amirreza, Mahmoudzadeh Ashraf, Calvo Sandra, Herrero Pablo, A Study on the Effects of Dry Needling in Multiple Sclerosis Patients with Spasticity: Protocol of a Randomized Waitlist-Controlled Trial, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, 14, 2, 2021. Crossref

  58. Wissel Jörg, Camões-Barbosa Alexandre, Comes Georg, Althaus Michael, Scheschonka Astrid, Simpson David M., Pain Reduction in Adults with Limb Spasticity Following Treatment with IncobotulinumtoxinA: A Pooled Analysis, Toxins, 13, 12, 2021. Crossref

  59. van 't Veld Ronald C., Flux Eline, Schouten Alfred C., van der Krogt Marjolein M., van der Kooij Herman, van Asseldonk Edwin H. F., Reducing the Soleus Stretch Reflex With Conditioning: Exploring Game- and Impedance-Based Biofeedback, Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences, 2, 2021. Crossref

  60. Vaughan Sanam Ara, Torres Kayla, Kaye Randall, RESUME-1: a Phase III study of tolperisone in the treatment of painful, acute muscle spasms of the back, Pain Management, 12, 1, 2022. Crossref

  61. Bader Doaa, Adam Ahmed, Shaban Mohamed, Alyahya Bader, Pediatric tizanidine toxicity reversed with naloxone: a case report, International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 14, 1, 2021. Crossref

  62. Espinosa Soto K., Arce Gálvez L., Rivera García J.D., Tovar Sánchez M.A., Schwannoma cervical con compromiso medular y radicular: síntomas neurológicos, manejo neuroquirúrgico y rehabilitación integral, Neurology Perspectives, 1, 2, 2021. Crossref

  63. Trombley Trevor A., Capstick Rory A., Lindsley Craig W., DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 11, 23, 2020. Crossref

  64. Chisari Clara Grazia, Solaro Claudio, Annunziata Pasquale, Bergamaschi Roberto, Bianco Assunta, Bonavita Simona, Brescia Morra Vincenzo, Bruno Bossio Roberto, Capello Elisabetta, Castelli Letizia, Cavalla Paola, Costantino Gianfranco, Centonze Diego, Cottone Salvatore, Danni Maura Chiara, Esposito Federica, Gajofatto Alberto, Gasperini Claudio, Guareschi Angelica, Lanzillo Roberta, Lus Giacomo, Maniscalco Giorgia Teresa, Matta Manuela, Paolicelli Damiano, Petrucci Loredana, Pontecorvo Simona, Righini Isabella, Rovaris Marco, Sessa Edoardo, Spinicci Gabriella, Spitaleri Daniele, Valentino Paola, Zaffaroni Mauro, Zappia Mario, Patti Francesco, Nabiximols discontinuation rate in a large population of patients with multiple sclerosis: a 18-month multicentre study, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 91, 9, 2020. Crossref

  65. Thomson Julia, New Peter Wayne, Pharmacological management of stroke in older people, Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research, 51, 1, 2021. Crossref

  66. Córdova-Villanueva Elva Nettzayeet, Rodríguez-Ruiz Christian, Sánchez-Guadarrama Obdulia, Rivera-Islas Jesús, Herrera-Ruiz Dea, Morales-Rojas Hugo, Höpfl Herbert, Diastereomeric Salt Formation by the γ-Amino Acid RS-Baclofen and L-Malic Acid: Stabilization by Strong Heterosynthons Based on Hydrogen Bonds between RNH3+ and COOH/COO– Groups, Crystal Growth & Design, 18, 12, 2018. Crossref

  67. Field-Fote Edelle C., Furbish Catherine L., Tripp Natalie E., Zanca Jeanne M., Dyson-Hudson Trevor, Kirshblum Steven, Heinemann Allen W., Chen David, Felix Elizabeth Roy, Worobey Lynn, Schmidt-Read Mary, Marino Ralph J., Hayat Matthew J., Characterizing the Experience of Spasticity after Spinal Cord Injury: A National Survey Project of the Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems Centers, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 103, 4, 2022. Crossref

  68. Sambhu Madhav, Goh Ted, Golan Hadas, Pisegna Jessica, Noordzij Jacob Pieter, Evaluating the use of baclofen as adjunct treatment for muscle tension dysphonia, American Journal of Otolaryngology, 43, 2, 2022. Crossref

  69. Danchenko N., Johnston K. M., Haeussler K., Whalen J., Comparative efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of abobotulinumtoxinA and onabotulinumtoxinA in children with upper limb spasticity: a systematic literature review, indirect treatment comparison, and economic evaluation, Journal of Medical Economics, 24, 1, 2021. Crossref

  70. Vinolo-Gil Maria Jesus, Rodríguez-Huguet Manuel, García-Muñoz Cristina, Gonzalez-Medina Gloria, Martin-Vega Francisco Javier, Martín-Valero Rocío, Effects of Peripheral Electromagnetic Fields on Spasticity: A Systematic Review, Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11, 13, 2022. Crossref

  71. Ryan Megan, Flavin Marisa, Oleszek Joyce, Bodkin Amy, Wilson Anne-Marie, Wilkinson Corbett, Selective dorsal rhizotomy for spasticity associated with spinal cord injury sustained during surgery for spinal lipomatous malformation: A case report, Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, 15, 2, 2022. Crossref

  72. Ganesh Aishwarya, Sivakumar Samyuktha, Manokaran RanjithKumar, Narasimhan Udayakumar, Atypical presentation of rapid-onset dystonia–parkinsonism in a toddler with a novel mutation in the ATP1A3 gene, BMJ Case Reports, 14, 8, 2021. Crossref

  73. Furlan Julio C., Craven B. Catharine, SCI management, in Neural Repair and Regeneration After Spinal Cord Injury and Spine Trauma, 2022. Crossref

  74. Lee Sanghyun, Hung Andrew, Li Hong, Yang Angela Wei Hong, Mechanisms of Action of a Herbal Formula Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Tang for the Management of Post-Stroke Related Numbness and Weakness: A Computational Molecular Docking Study, Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine, 27, 2022. Crossref

  75. de Sousa Nídia, Santos Diogo, Monteiro Susana, Silva Nuno, Barreiro-Iglesias Antón, Salgado António J., Role of Baclofen in Modulating Spasticity and Neuroprotection in Spinal Cord Injury, Journal of Neurotrauma, 39, 3-4, 2022. Crossref

  76. Duncan Christopher C., Edgley Steven R., Upper Limb Orthoses for the Stroke- and Brain-Injured Patient, in Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices, 2019. Crossref

  77. Raiter Abagail, Merbler Alyssa, Burkitt Chantel C., Symons Frank J., Oberlander Tim F., Pain in individuals with intellectual disabilities, in Clinical Pain Management, 2022. Crossref

  78. Calabrò Rocco Salvatore, Billeri Luana, Porcari Bruno, Pignolo Loris, Naro Antonino, When Two Is Better Than One: A Pilot Study on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Plus Muscle Vibration in Treating Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women, Brain Sciences, 12, 3, 2022. Crossref

  79. Sacks Leonard, Kunkoski Elizabeth, Noone Marianne, Digital Health Technologies in Pediatric Trials, Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science, 2022. Crossref

  80. Marcantoni Maite, Fuchs Andrea, Löw Peter, Bartsch Dusan, Kiehn Ole, Bellardita Carmelo, Early delivery and prolonged treatment with nimodipine prevents the development of spasticity after spinal cord injury in mice, Science Translational Medicine, 12, 539, 2020. Crossref

  81. Shaye Hamidreza, Stauch Benjamin, Gati Cornelius, Cherezov Vadim, Molecular mechanisms of metabotropic GABA B receptor function , Science Advances, 7, 22, 2021. Crossref

  82. Hewan-Lowe Lissa, Hunter Corey W., Pump Management: Intrathecal Baclofen Pumps, in Intrathecal Pump Drug Delivery, 2022. Crossref

  83. Rahangdale Tirnja, Gupta Naveen, Sharma Neeraj, Shukla Ankita, In vitro Evaluation of Floating Microspheres of Gabapentin by Solvent Evaporation Method, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology, 2022. Crossref

  84. Trinh Kien, Zhou Fangwen, Belski Nikita, Deng Jiawen, Wong Chi Yi, The Effect of Acupuncture on Hand and Wrist Pain Intensity, Functional Status, and Quality of Life in Adults: A Systematic Review, Medical Acupuncture, 34, 1, 2022. Crossref

  85. Nagpal Ameet S., Eckmann Maxim S., Benfield Jon, A Novel Use of Regional Anesthesia for Spastic Hemiplegia Evaluation and Treatment: A Case Report, PM&R, 8, 2, 2016. Crossref

  86. Michel-Flutot Pauline, Zholudeva Lyandysha V., Randelman Margo L., Deramaudt Therese B., Mansart Arnaud, Alvarez Jean-Claude, Lee Kun-Ze, Petitjean Michel, Bonay Marcel, Lane Michael A., Vinit Stéphane, High frequency repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation promotes long lasting phrenic motoneuron excitability via GABAergic networks, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 292, 2021. Crossref

  87. Mohamad Hashim Natiara, Yee Jingye, Othman Nurul Atiqah, Johar Khairunnisa, Low Cheng Yee, Hanapiah Fazah Akhtar, Che Zakaria Noor Ayuni, Elucidating factors influencing machine learning algorithm prediction in spasticity assessment: a prospective observational study, Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 25, 9, 2022. Crossref

  88. Spittler Hélène, Laffont Isabelle, Fournier-Mehouas Manuella, Coroian Flavia, Jourdan Claire, Pradalier Fanny, Blanc Pierre, Capdevila Xavier, Feuvrier François, Diagnostic nerve blocks in spasticity management: E-survey of current practices in physical rehabilitation medicine in France, Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 64, 6, 2021. Crossref

  89. Hsu Po-Cheng, Chang Ke-Vin, Chiu Yi-Hsiang, Wu Wei-Ting, Özçakar Levent, Comparative Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin Injections and Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy for Post-Stroke Spasticity: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis, eClinicalMedicine, 43, 2022. Crossref

  90. McCormick Zachary L., Chu Samuel K., Binler Danielle, Neudorf Daniel, Mathur Sunjay N., Lee Jungwha, Marciniak Christina, Intrathecal Versus Oral Baclofen: A Matched Cohort Study of Spasticity, Pain, Sleep, Fatigue, and Quality of Life, PM&R, 8, 6, 2016. Crossref

  91. Viruega Hélène, Gaviria Manuel, After 55 Years of Neurorehabilitation, What Is the Plan?, Brain Sciences, 12, 8, 2022. Crossref

  92. Danchenko Natalya, Johnston Karissa M., Whalen John, The cost-effectiveness of abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport) and onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) for managing spasticity of the upper and lower limbs, and cervical dystonia, Journal of Medical Economics, 25, 1, 2022. Crossref

  93. Dietz Nicholas, Wagers Sarah, Harkema Susan J., D'Amico Jessica M., Intrathecal and Oral Baclofen Use in Adults With Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review of Efficacy in Spasticity Reduction, Functional Changes, Dosing, and Adverse Events, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2022. Crossref

  94. Engelhard Johanna, Oleske Denise M., Schmitting Sarah, Wells Karen E., Talapala Saritha, Barbato Luigi M., Multiple sclerosis by phenotype in Germany, Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 57, 2022. Crossref

  95. Mayer Nathaniel H., Esquenazi Alberto, Symptomatic and Functional After-Effects of the Syndrome of Spastic Paresis, in Spasticity and Muscle Stiffness, 2022. Crossref

  96. Murala Sireesha, Yelam Anudeep, Ismail Mahmoud M., Bollu Pradeep C., GABA, in Neurochemistry in Clinical Practice, 2022. Crossref

  97. Patel Raahil, Rhee Peter C., Assessment of 30-Day Adverse Events in Single-Event, Multilevel Upper Extremity Surgery in Adult Patients with Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome, HAND, 17, 5, 2022. Crossref

  98. Magat Elaine, Jimenez Isaac Hernandez, Sampathkumar Haresh, Delgado Joanne, Francisco Gerard E., Oral Spasmolytics, in Spasticity and Muscle Stiffness, 2022. Crossref

  99. Hudson Kelsey E., Grau James W., Ionic Plasticity: Common Mechanistic Underpinnings of Pathology in Spinal Cord Injury and the Brain, Cells, 11, 18, 2022. Crossref

  100. Guo Xinliang, Tang Jiaxi, Crocher Vincent, Klaic Marlena, Oetomo Denny, Xie Qing, Galea Mary P, Niu Chuanxin M., Tan Ying, A Practical Post-Stroke Elbow Spasticity Assessment Using an Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robot: A Validation Study, 2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), 2022. Crossref

Портал Begell Электронная Бибилиотека e-Книги Журналы Справочники и Сборники статей Коллекции Цены и условия подписки Begell House Контакты Language English 中文 Русский Português German French Spain