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MODELING OF SPRAY WALL IMPINGEMENT AND FUEL FILM FORMATION UNDER THE GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION CONDITION

卷 32, 册 3, 2022, pp. 25-52
DOI: 10.1615/AtomizSpr.2022037224
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摘要

Direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) engines, which have a better fuel economy than conventional gasoline engines, have been widely introduced in the market. However, in these engines, the rich air−fuel mixtures associated with fuel films during cold starts, caused by spray impingement, produce particulate matter. To predict soot formation, it is important to predict the mixture field precisely; thus, accurate spray and film models are prerequisites for creating a soot model. Previous wall impingement models were well matched with low Weber number collision conditions, such as those of diesel engines, which have relatively high ambient pressures and small Sauter mean diameters. In this study, the outliers of the previous model were observed to decrease as the collision distance increased and when a strong droplet dissipation occurred owing to a high ambient pressure. However, the kinetic energy in DISI engines is considerably larger than the dissipation energy calculated using the Weber number and surface tension; thus, the amount of dissipation energy should be determined within a realistic range. To analyze the two-dimensional (2D) spray-wall impingement phenomenon more accurately, a 2D child droplet generation was considered. Finally, the film and spray behaviors were measured to validate the SNU model. The Mie scattering images of the gasoline spray near the wall were captured to measure the rebound spray radius. Then, a laser-induced fluorescence with a total internal reflection was used to determine the film shape and thickness. Compared with existing models, the SNU model exhibits better agreement with the Mie experimental results without requiring case-dependent changes to the model constant. However, the film simulation part needs improvement in future work.

Figures

  • Types of spray–wall impingement phenomena and their criteria (Bai and Gosman, 1995)
  • Critical droplet values of typical DISI spray with an injection pressure of 150 bar; droplets are
normally in splash regime
  • PDF of child parent droplet diameter ratio
  • Schematic of splash phenomenon
  • Detailed description of interaction between droplet and film (Meredith et al., 2011)
  • Film momentum transfer from splash
  • Quasi-simultaneous Mie scattering techniques
  • Schematic of experimental settings for LIF
  • Side view of calibration setup and calibration results
  • Penetration length captured by simulation and Mie scattering method under a pressure of 100
bar (each result is obtained by line of sight average, and the size of each parcel represents the size of the
droplet)
  • Graph of penetration length development under a pressure of 100 bar
  • Definition of main parameter used in this study
  • Side views of measured Mie image, predicted droplet distribution by SNU, Bai model, O’Rourke,
and Kuhnke models at injection heights of 40, 60, and 80 mm
  • Evolution of the RSR according to elapsed time at injection heights of 40, 60, and 80 mm
  • Evolution of the RSR including outliers according to elapsed time at injection heights of 40, 60,
and 80 mm
  • Results of fuel–air ratio at different spray heights after 5 ms
  • Evolution of fuel–air ratio through time at 80-mm injection height
  • Top view images of simulation results of SNU, Bai, O’Rourke, and Kuhnke models at 80-mm
injection height
  • Top view images of film shape of experiment, SNU, Bai, O’Rourke, and Kuhnke model
  • Critical droplet values of typical DISI spray with an injection pressure of 150 bar; droplets are
normally in splash regime
  • Graph of penetration length development under a pressure of 100 bar
  • Definition of main parameter used in this study
  • Side views of measured Mie image, predicted droplet distribution by SNU, Bai model, O’Rourke,
and Kuhnke models at injection heights of 40, 60, and 80 mm
  • Evolution of the RSR according to elapsed time at injection heights of 40, 60, and 80 mm
  • Evolution of the RSR including outliers according to elapsed time at injection heights of 40, 60,
and 80 mm
  • Results of fuel–air ratio at different spray heights after 5 ms
  • Evolution of fuel–air ratio through time at 80-mm injection height
  • Top view images of simulation results of SNU, Bai, O’Rourke, and Kuhnke models at 80-mm
injection height
  • Top view images of film shape of experiment, SNU, Bai, O’Rourke, and Kuhnke model
  • Accumulated film mass over time at a temperature of 298 K and an injection pressure of 100 bar
  • Sum of evaporated vapor and accumulated film mass over time at a temperature of 298 K and an
injection pressure of 100 bar
  • Top view images of film shape of experiment, SNU, Bai, O’Rourke, and Kuhnke model under
tilted spray condition
  • Side view images of droplet distribution predicted by the SNU (left) and Bai models (right) at an
injection height of 40 mm and an ambient pressure of 20 bar
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