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IMPACT OF COMPOUND DROPS ON A PLANE SOLID: ROLE OF THE CORE DIAMETER

Volumen 32, Ausgabe 2, 2022, pp. 1-18
DOI: 10.1615/AtomizSpr.2021038825
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ABSTRAKT

The impact of water-in-Jatropha biodiesel compound drops on a solid surface is examined. The effects of variation of the core drop diameter (or the volume fraction, α) and the impact velocity (or Weber number, We) of the compound drops on the outcomes of the impact are reported. With an increase in α, there is a change in the interaction of inertia, viscous and surface forces resulting in interesting changes in the impact dynamics. The maximum spreading factor (βmax), the average spreading rate, and the receding are observed to depend on the volume fraction. βmax increases with the rise in α due to reduced viscous dissipation in the drop. The low volume fraction compound drops do not show any significant receding after βmax. However, significant receding is observed at higher α as water has very high surface tension. The water core recedes over the Jatropha biodiesel shell film deposited on the solid, resulting in double lamella formation. The compound drops of very high α show breakup of the core drop during receding at high We, resulting in deposition of small secondary core droplets on the shell film. The normal average spreading rate first decreases with the rise in α and then increases again when α rises to very high values.

Figures

  • Demonstration of the setup used
  • (a) Schematic of compound drop generation system; (b) images of compound drops just before
pinch-off; (c) schematic of compound drop in air; (d) compound drop deforming after impact on the surface
was placed underneath the tip of the coaxial needles. The high-speed camera was fixed on a tripod which can be tilted at any angle. All other components were fixed on an optical breadboard
to prevent misalignment during the experiments.
The drop generation system produced the water-in-JBD compound drop by the syringe
pumps, slowly and continuously dispensing the liquids until a compound drop was formed on the
tip of the outer needle [see Fig. 2(b)] and eventually pinch-off and fall by gravity. A schematic of
the compound drop after detachment from the outer needle is shown in Fig. 2(c). The geometry
of the compound drop was defined by the outer or shell diameter (D0) and the core diameter
(d0). There were three phases involved in the process: shell liquid (phase 1), core liquid (phase
2), and the surrounding air (phase 3).
The drop impacted the surface with an initial velocity of U0. The properties of water and JBD
at an ambient temperature of 20◦C are provided in Table 1. The core waterdrop having a higher
density than the JBD shell shifted to the bottom of the compound drop during drop formation
  • Process of determination of volume and diameter of the shell and core drop: a typical compound
drop used to determine the volume and diameter of (a) the compound drop (or shell drop), (b) the core
drop, and (c) the core drop is isolated from the compound drop to determine its volume and diameter
  • Method to determine the drop volume
  • The variation of β with time for compound drops (a) pure JBD; (b) α = 0.157; (c) α = 0.56;
(d) α = 0.721; (e) pure water; and (f) variation of βmax with We for different volume fractions of the
compound drop
one is that for a fixed We, the peak of the β-t variations increase with α. So, βmax increases with
both We and α. For a proper analysis of these two observations, βmax is plotted with We for all
the volume fractions of the drop in Fig. 5(f), which is explained next.
The increase of βmax with We is a very common observation in the drop impact study (Kumar and Mandal, 2019, 2020). An increase in We (or U0) signifies the rise in the drop’s inertial
energy, which results in its higher maximum spreading of the drop after impact.
  • Variation of US∗ with We for different volume fractions of the compound drop
  • The impact dynamics of various compound drops on a stainless-steel surface at U0 = 0.99 m/s
  • The impact dynamics of various compound drops on a stainless-steel surface at U0 = 1.72 m/s
  • The impact dynamics of various compound drops on a stainless-steel surface at U0 = 2.21 m/s
  • (a) Double lamella formation during the receding of a compound drop of α = 0.56 at We = 503.
‘JBD layer’ and ‘Water’ show the relevant lamellas; (b) spreading of the water core drop beyond the shell
liquid, which then recedes, showing a small decrease in the spreading diameter of the compound drop at
We = 519 for α = 0.721
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