Published 6 issues per year
ISSN Print: 2150-766X
ISSN Online: 2150-7678
Indexed in
SELECTION OF IONIC LIQUIDS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HYPERGOLICY WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
ABSTRACT
A theoretical screening and experimental characterization of the hypergolicy of different ionic liquids in combination with highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide was conducted. The aim of the investigation was to find a possible alternative hypergolic bipropellant to substitute the commonly used hypergolic propellant combinations of hydrazines and dinitrogen tetraoxide. Highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide was chosen as a green oxidizer, and ionic liquids were chosen as alternative fuels. Ionic liquids offer very low vapor pressures compared to common fuels, which allows simplified handling procedures. The theoretical screening focused on commercially available ionic liquids. Criteria for the selection of ionic liquids included density, melting point, viscosity, and theoretical performance calculations. By means of these results 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (BMIM Ac) was chosen for further investigation. Pure BMIM Ac was tested with the so-called drop-test method and did not show hypergolic behavior with hydrogen peroxide. Hence catalytic transition metals like acetate salts were dissolved in the ionic liquid. With different concentrations of copper (II) acetate hypergolic ignition was archived. The ignition delay time is in the order of several hundred milliseconds.
-
ArianeGroup, Orbital Propulsion, (2017) Chemical Bi-Propellant Thruster Family, Taufkirchen, Germany.
-
Baker, D., (2017) NASA Mercury (Owners' Workshop Manual), Sparkford, Somerset, U.K.: J.H. Haynes & Co Ltd.
-
Bogolitsyn, K.G., Skrebets, T.E., and Makhova, T.A., (2009) Physicochemical Properties of 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Acetate, Russian J. General Chem., 79, pp. 125-128.
-
Clark, J.D., (1972) IGNITION! An Informal History of Liquid Rocket Propellants, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
-
Florczuk, W. and Rarata, G., (2015) Assessment of Various Fuel Additives for Reliable Hypergolic Ignition with 98% HTP, 66th Int. Astronautical Congress, Jerusalem, Israel.
-
Iolitec, (2017) Ionic Liquids 2017, Heilbronn, Germany: Ionic Liquids Technologies GmbH.
-
Kabo, G.J., Paulechka, Y.U., Kabo, A.G., and Blokhin, A.V., (2010) Experimental Determination of Enthalpy of 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Iodide Synthesis and Prediction of Enthalpies of Formation for Imidazolium Ionic Liquids, J. Chem. Thermodynam., 42, pp. 1292-1297.
-
Kan, B.K., Heister, S.D., and Paxson, D.E., (2017) Experimental Study of Pressure Gain Combustion with Hypergolic Rocket Propellants, J. Propuls. Power, 33, pp. 112-120.
-
Kang, H., Lee, E., andKwon, S., (2017) Suppression of Hard Start for Nontoxic Hypergolic Thruster Using H2O2 Oxidizer, J. Propuls. Power, 33, pp. 1111-1117.
-
Kim, Y.-S., Son, G.-H., Na, T.-K., and Choi, S.-H., (2015) Synthesis and Physical and Chemical Properties of Hypergolic Chemicals Such as N,N,N-Trimethylhydrazinium and 1-Ethyl-4-Methyl-1,2,4-Triazolium Salts, Appl. Sci., pp. 1547-1559.
-
Malm, J., (2011) Inclusion of Substances of Very High Concern in the Candidate List, Helsinki, Finland: European Chemicals Agency (EACH).
-
McBride, B. and Gordon, S., (2004) Chemical Equilibrium and Applications, Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, NASA.
-
Melof, B.M. and Grubelich, M.C., (2001) Investigation of Hypergolic Fuels with Hydrogen Peroxide, 37th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propuls. Conf. and Exhibit, Salt Lake City, UT.
-
Nichols, C.M., Yang, Z.-C., Wang, Z., Lineberger, W.C., and Bierbaum, V.M., (2016) Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the Reactivity and Thermochemistry of Dicyanamide: N(CN)-T, J. Phys. Chem. A, 120, pp. 992-999.
-
Palmer, R.K. and Rusek, J.J., (2004) Low Toxicity Reactive Hypergolic Fuels for Use with Hydrogen Peroxide, Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Green Propellants for Space Propulsion.
-
Rarata, G. and Florczuk, W., (2016) Novel Liquid Compounds as Hypergolic Propellants with HTP, J. KONESPowertrain Transport, 23, pp. 271-278.
-
Schneider, S., Hawkins, T., Ahmed, Y., Rosander, M., Mills, J., andHudgens, L., (2011) Green Hypergolic Bipropellants: H2O2/Hydrogen-Rich Ionic Liquids, Angewandte Chemie Int. Edition, 50, pp. 5886.
-
Schneider, S., Deplazes, S., Ahmed, Y., Beauchamp, C., and Franquera, A., (2014) Catalytic Ignition of Ionic Liquid Fuels by Ionic Liquids, Briefing Charts, ACS Fall National Meeting, San Francisco, CA.
-
Sebastiano, E., Cook, C., Hu, A., and Murugesu, M., (2014) Recent Developments in the Field of Energetic Ionic Liquids, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014(2), pp. 8153-8173.
-
Sippel, T.R., Shark, S.C., Hinkelman, M.C., Pourpoint, T.L., Son, S.F., and Heister, S.D., (2011) Hypergolic Ignition of Metal Hydride-Based Fuels with Hydrogen Peroxide, 7th US National Combustion Meeting, Atlanta, GA.
-
Sun, C., Tang, S., and Zhang, X., (2017) Role of Cation Structures for Energetic Performance of Hypergolic Ionic Liquids, Energy Fuels, 31, pp. 10055-10059.
-
Ventura, M. and Garboden, G., (1999) A Brief History of Concentrated Hydrogen Peroxide Uses, 35th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propuls. Conf. Exhibit.
-
Weiser, V., Htirttlen, J., Schaller, U., Imiolek, A., and Kelzenberg, S., (2017) Green Liquid Oxidizers Basing on Solutions of ADN and AN in Hydrogen Peroxide for Hypergolic Propellants with High Performance, 7th European Conf. for Aeronautics and Space Sciences (EUCASS).
-
Wernimont, E., (2006) System Trade Parameter Comparison of Monopropellants: Hydrogen Peroxide vs. Hydrazine and Others, 42nd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propuls. Conf. Exhibit.
-
Wernimont, E.J., (2005) Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyst Beds: Lighter and Better Than Liquid Injectors, 41st AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propuls. Conf. Exhibit, Tucson, AZ.
-
Yermalayeu, A., (2013) Thermodynamic Properties of Ionic Liquids, PhD, University of Rostock.
-
Zhang, Q. and Shreeve, J.M., (2014) Energetic Ionic Liquids as Explosives and Propellant Fuels: A New Journey of Ionic Liquid Chemistry, Chem. Rev., 114, pp. 10527-10574.
-
Zhang, W., Qi, W., Huang, S., Li, J., Tang, C., Li, J., and Zhang, Q., (2016) Bis(borano)hypophosphite-Based Ionic Liquids as Ultrafast-Igniting Hypergolic Fuels, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2016(4), pp. 8978-8983.
-
Zhang, Y., Gao, H., Joo, Y.-H., and Shreeve, J.M., (2011) Ionic Liquids as Hypergolic Fuels, Angewandte Chemie Int. Edition, 50, pp. 9554-9562.
-
Zhang, Z.-H., Tan, Z.-C., Sun, L.-X., Yang, J.-Z., Lv, X.-C., and Shi, Q., (2006a) Thermodynamic Investigation of Room Temperature Ionic Liquid: The Heat Capacity and Standard Enthalpy of Formation of EMIES, Thermochimica Acta, 447, pp. 141-146.
-
Zhang, Z.-H., Tan, Z.C., Li, Y.S., and Sun, L.X., (2006b) Thermodynamic Investigation of Room Temperature Ionic Liquid: Heat Capacity and Thermodynamic Functions of BMIMBF4, J. Thermal Anal. Calorimetry, 85, pp. 551-557.
-
Werling Lukas, Hörger Till, Experimental analysis of the heat fluxes during combustion of a N2O/C2H4 premixed green propellant in a research rocket combustor, Acta Astronautica, 189, 2021. Crossref
-
Negri Michele, Lauck Felix, Hot Firing Tests of a Novel Green Hypergolic Propellant in a Thruster, Journal of Propulsion and Power, 38, 3, 2022. Crossref