Published 12 issues per year
ISSN Print: 1044-5110
ISSN Online: 1936-2684
Indexed in
DIRECT NUMERICAL AND LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION OF PRIMARY ATOMIZATION IN COMPLEX GEOMETRIES
ABSTRACT
A detailed understanding of the driving mechanisms behind primary atomization is crucial to the optimization of sprays for efficient combustion in modern propulsion systems. Many challenges are associated with simulating realistic turbulent atomization, such as the multiplicity of length and time scales of the turbulent flow field and gas-liquid interface, discontinuous fluid properties and pressure at the phase interface, high density ratios that degrade numerical robustness, and complex shapes of spray injectors. These challenges have hindered progress in computational modeling of atomizing two-phase flows, and as a result a complete characterization of all physical processes involved in turbulent atomization has remained elusive. This paper presents a suite of computational tools that have been developed in an effort to simulate primary atomization from first principles. The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are handled in the context of a high-order accurate, discretely conservative, finite difference solver shown to be ideally suited for direct numerical and large-eddy simulations of turbulence. A conservative level set method is used for interface capture, improved through the use of local re-initialization enabled by an efficient fast marching method. A high-density ratio correction algorithm is employed that leads to tighter coupling between mass and momentum transport. Finally, the use of immersed boundaries allows for modeling of complex geometries without requiring body-fitted meshes, eliminating time spent generating complex grids. The framework outlined herein is shown to have the ability to capture important instabilities for atomizing flows, such as Rayleigh-Plateau and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities. Simulations of air-assisted breakup of both planar and coaxial liquid layers are shown to agree well with theoretical and experimental results. This strategy is employed to simulate the breakup of a turbulent liquid jet under diesel conditions, the atomization of a liquid sheet issued from a pressure swirl atomizer, and finally a complete dual-orifice atomizer, leading to qualitative insights on the atomization process. Detailed parallel scaling results are also provided.
-
McCaslin Jeremy O., Desjardins Olivier, Numerical investigation of gravitational effects in horizontal annular liquid–gas flow, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 67, 2014. Crossref
-
Sadik Shalom, Kirzhner Felix, Kramarenko Denis, Turned trochoidal disturbance on a liquid jet surface, Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 27, 4, 2014. Crossref
-
Capecelatro Jesse, Pepiot Perrine, Desjardins Olivier, Numerical investigation and modeling of reacting gas-solid flows in the presence of clusters, Chemical Engineering Science, 122, 2015. Crossref
-
Sadik Shalom, Kirzhner Felix, Kramarenko Denis, Turned trochoidal disturbance on a liquid jet surface, Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 27, 4, 2014. Crossref
-
McCaslin Jeremy O., Desjardins Olivier, Numerical investigation of primary air-blast atomization and modal analysis of flow instabilities, 52nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 2014. Crossref
-
Owkes Mark, Pai Madhusudan, Desjardins Olivier, Large-eddy simulation study of injector geometry on liquid jet in cross-flow and validation with experiments, 52nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 2014. Crossref
-
McCaslin Jeremy O., Courtine Émilien, Desjardins Olivier, A fast marching approach to multidimensional extrapolation, Journal of Computational Physics, 274, 2014. Crossref
-
Bode Mathis, Falkenstein Tobias, Le Chenadec Vincent, Kang Seongwon, Pitsch Heinz, Arima Toshiyuki, Taniguchi Hiroyoshi, A New Euler/Lagrange Approach for Multiphase Simulations of a Multi-Hole GDI Injector, SAE Technical Paper Series, 1, 2015. Crossref
-
Duran Sean P., Porter Jason M., Parker Terence E., Ballistic imaging of diesel sprays using a picosecond laser: characterization and demonstration, Applied Optics, 54, 7, 2015. Crossref
-
Odier Nicolas, Balarac Guillaume, Corre Christophe, Moureau Vincent, Numerical study of a flapping liquid sheet sheared by a high-speed stream, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 77, 2015. Crossref
-
Sichani Arash B., Emami Mohsen D., A droplet deformation and breakup model based on virtual work principle, Physics of Fluids, 27, 3, 2015. Crossref
-
Bode Mathis, Diewald Felix, Broll David Oliver, Heyse Jan Felix, Le Chenadec Vincent, Pitsch Heinz, Influence of the Injector Geometry on Primary Breakup in Diesel Injector Systems, SAE Technical Paper Series, 1, 2014. Crossref
-
Luo Kun, Shao Changxiao, Yang Yue, Fan Jianren, A mass conserving level set method for detailed numerical simulation of liquid atomization, Journal of Computational Physics, 298, 2015. Crossref
-
Xiao F., Wang Z.G., Sun M.B., Liu N., Yang X., Simulation of drop deformation and breakup in supersonic flow, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 36, 2, 2017. Crossref
-
Masri A. R., Turbulent Combustion of Sprays: From Dilute to Dense, Combustion Science and Technology, 188, 10, 2016. Crossref
-
Ström Henrik, Sasic Srdjan, Holm-Christensen Olav, Shah Louise Jivan, Atomizing industrial gas-liquid flows – Development of an efficient hybrid VOF-LPT numerical framework, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 62, 2016. Crossref
-
Li Xiaoyi, Soteriou Marios C., High fidelity simulation and analysis of liquid jet atomization in a gaseous crossflow at intermediate Weber numbers, Physics of Fluids, 28, 8, 2016. Crossref
-
Ghorbani Morteza, Alcan Gokhan, Unel Mustafa, Gozuacik Devrim, Ekici Sinan, Uvet Huseyin, Sabanovic Asif, Kosar Ali, Visualization of microscale cavitating flow regimes via particle shadow sizing imaging and vision based estimation of the cone angle, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 78, 2016. Crossref
-
Owkes Mark, Desjardins Olivier, A mass and momentum conserving unsplit semi-Lagrangian framework for simulating multiphase flows, Journal of Computational Physics, 332, 2017. Crossref
-
Xiao F., Wang Z.G., Sun M.B., Liang J.H., Liu N., Large eddy simulation of liquid jet primary breakup in supersonic air crossflow, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 87, 2016. Crossref
-
Vaudor G., Ménard T., Aniszewski W., Doring M., Berlemont A., A consistent mass and momentum flux computation method for two phase flows. Application to atomization process, Computers & Fluids, 152, 2017. Crossref
-
Ghorbani Morteza, Alcan Gokhan, Sadaghiani Abdolali Khalili, Mohammadi Ali, Unel Mustafa, Gozuacik Devrim, Koşar Ali, Characterization and pressure drop correlation for sprays under the effect of micro scale cavitation, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 91, 2018. Crossref
-
Wang Sheng, Desjardins Olivier, 3D numerical study of large-scale two-phase flows with contact lines and application to drop detachment from a horizontal fiber, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 101, 2018. Crossref
-
Amirshaghaghi Hadi, Rahimian Mohammad Hassan, Safari Hesameddin, Krafczyk Manfred, Large Eddy Simulation of liquid sheet breakup using a two-phase lattice Boltzmann method, Computers & Fluids, 160, 2018. Crossref
-
Chiodi Robert, Desjardins Olivier, A reformulation of the conservative level set reinitialization equation for accurate and robust simulation of complex multiphase flows, Journal of Computational Physics, 343, 2017. Crossref
-
Edelbauer Wilfried, Birkhold Felix, Rankel Thorsten, Pavlović Zoran, Kolar Patrick, Simulation of the liquid break-up at an AdBlue injector with the volume-of-fluid method followed by off-line coupled Lagrangian particle tracking, Computers & Fluids, 157, 2017. Crossref
-
Movaghar A., Linne M., Herrmann M., Kerstein A.R., Oevermann M., Modeling and numerical study of primary breakup under diesel conditions, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 98, 2018. Crossref
-
Ye Qiaoyan, Pulli Karlheinz, Numerical and Experimental Investigation on the Spray Coating Process Using a Pneumatic Atomizer: Influences of Operating Conditions and Target Geometries, Coatings, 7, 1, 2017. Crossref
-
Hasse Christian, Scale-resolving simulations in engine combustion process design based on a systematic approach for model development, International Journal of Engine Research, 17, 1, 2016. Crossref
-
Agbaglah G., Chiodi R., Desjardins O., Numerical simulation of the initial destabilization of an air-blasted liquid layer, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 812, 2017. Crossref
-
Chiodi Robert M., Desjardins Olivier, A Numerical Parametric Study on the Air-Blast Atomization of a Planar Liquid Layer, 55th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 2017. Crossref
-
Saeedipour Mahdi, Schneiderbauer Simon, Plohl Gregor, Brenn Günter, Pirker Stefan, Multiscale simulations and experiments on water jet atomization, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 95, 2017. Crossref
-
Ghorbani Morteza, Sadaghiani Abdolali Khalili, Yidiz Mehmet, Koşar Ali, Experimental and numerical investigations on spray structure under the effect of cavitation phenomenon in a microchannel, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 31, 1, 2017. Crossref
-
Garrick Daniel P., Hagen Wyatt A., Regele Jonathan D., An interface capturing scheme for modeling atomization in compressible flows, Journal of Computational Physics, 344, 2017. Crossref
-
Bode Mathis, Falkenstein Tobias, Davidovic Marco, Pitsch Heinz, Taniguchi Hiroyoshi, Murayama Kei, Arima Toshiyuki, Moon Seoksu, Wang Jin, Arioka Akira, Effects of Cavitation and Hydraulic Flip in 3-Hole GDI Injectors, SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, 10, 2, 2017. Crossref
-
Hasslberger Josef, Ketterl Sebastian, Klein Markus, Chakraborty Nilanjan, Flow topologies in primary atomization of liquid jets: a direct numerical simulation analysis, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 859, 2019. Crossref
-
Shinjo Junji, Recent Advances in Computational Modeling of Primary Atomization of Liquid Fuel Sprays, Energies, 11, 11, 2018. Crossref
-
Wang Sheng, Desjardins Olivier, Numerical study of the critical drop size on a thin horizontal fiber: Effect of fiber shape and contact angle, Chemical Engineering Science, 187, 2018. Crossref
-
Godavarthi V., Dhivyaraja K., Sujith R. I., Panchagnula M. V., Analysis and classification of droplet characteristics from atomizers using multifractal analysis, Scientific Reports, 9, 1, 2019. Crossref
-
Spitzenberger Andy, Neumann Sebastian, Heinrich Martin, Schwarze Rüdiger, Particle detection in VOF-simulations with OpenFOAM, SoftwareX, 11, 2020. Crossref
-
Kazimardanov M. G., Mingalev S. V., Lubimova T. P., Gomzikov L. Yu., Simulation of Primary Film Atomization Due to Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability, Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics, 59, 7, 2018. Crossref
-
Agarwal Arpit, Trujillo Mario F, The effect of nozzle internal flow on spray atomization, International Journal of Engine Research, 21, 1, 2020. Crossref
-
Shinjo Junji, Umemura Akira, Fluid dynamic and autoignition characteristics of early fuel sprays using hybrid atomization LES, Combustion and Flame, 203, 2019. Crossref
-
Luo Kun, Shao Changxiao, Chai Min, Fan Jianren, Level set method for atomization and evaporation simulations, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 73, 2019. Crossref
-
Chiodi R., McCaslin Jeremy, Desjardins O., Interactions Between Turbulence and Interfaces with Surface Tension, in Turbulent Cascades II, 26, 2019. Crossref
-
Palmore John, Desjardins Olivier, A volume of fluid framework for interface-resolved simulations of vaporizing liquid-gas flows, Journal of Computational Physics, 399, 2019. Crossref
-
Evrard Fabien, Denner Fabian, van Wachem Berend, A multi-scale approach to simulate atomisation processes, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 119, 2019. Crossref
-
Braun Samuel, Wieth Lars, Holz Simon, Dauch Thilo F., Keller Marc C., Chaussonnet Geoffroy, Gepperth Sebastian, Koch Rainer, Bauer Hans-Jörg, Numerical prediction of air-assisted primary atomization using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 114, 2019. Crossref
-
Movaghar A., Chiodi R., Desjardins O., Oevermann M., Kerstein A. R., A Subgrid-Scale Model for Large-Eddy Simulation of Liquid/Gas Interfaces Based on One-Dimensional Turbulence, in Turbulent Cascades II, 26, 2019. Crossref
-
Sun Mingbo, Wang Hongbo, Xiao Feng, Primary Breakup of Liquid Jet in Supersonic Crossflow, in Jet in Supersonic Crossflow, 2019. Crossref
-
Majidi Sahand, Afshari Asghar, Supersonic Liquid Jets Into Quiescent Gaseous Media: An Adaptive Numerical Study, Journal of Fluids Engineering, 138, 1, 2016. Crossref
-
Xie Zhihua, Stoesser Thorsten, A three-dimensional Cartesian cut-cell/volume-of-fluid method for two-phase flows with moving bodies, Journal of Computational Physics, 416, 2020. Crossref
-
Mingalev Stanislav, Inozemtsev Alexander, Gomzikov Leonid, Sipatov Alexey, Abramchuk Taras, Simulation of Primary Film Atomization in Prefilming Air-assisted Atomizer Using Volume-of-Fluid Method, Microgravity Science and Technology, 32, 3, 2020. Crossref
-
Lehmkuhl O., Mira D., Gasparino L., Owen H., Houzeaux G., Large-Eddy Simulation of Primary Atomization Using an Entropy Stable Conservative Level Set, in Direct and Large Eddy Simulation XII, 27, 2020. Crossref
-
Chai Min, Luo Kun, Wang Haiou, Zheng Shuihua, Fan Jianren, Imposing mixed Dirichlet-Neumann-Robin boundary conditions on irregular domains in a level set/ghost fluid based finite difference framework, Computers & Fluids, 214, 2021. Crossref
-
Wang B., Cleary M. J., Masri A. R., Modeling of interfacial flows based on an explicit volume diffusion concept, Physics of Fluids, 33, 6, 2021. Crossref
-
Mohandas Anu, Luo Hongrong, Ramakrishna Seeram, An Overview on Atomization and Its Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications, Applied Sciences, 11, 11, 2021. Crossref
-
Cardin Karl, Wang Sheng, Desjardins Olivier, Weislogel Mark, Rebound of large jets from superhydrophobic surfaces in low gravity, Physical Review Fluids, 6, 1, 2021. Crossref
-
Gerbino Filippo, Tretola Giovanni, Morgan Robert, Atkins Penny, Vogiatzaki Konstantina, Influence of the initial droplet distribution on the prediction of spray dynamics in Eulerian-Lagrangian simulations, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 141, 2021. Crossref
-
Popinet Stéphane, Numerical Models of Surface Tension, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 50, 1, 2018. Crossref
-
Xue Xinzhi, Chandrala Lakshmana Dora, Katz Joseph, Flow structure and turbulence in the near field of an immiscible buoyant oil jet, Physical Review Fluids, 6, 2, 2021. Crossref
-
Constante-Amores C.R., Kahouadji L., Batchvarov A., Shin S., Chergui J., Juric D., Matar O.K., Direct numerical simulations of transient turbulent jets: vortex-interface interactions, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 922, 2021. Crossref
-
Abbas F., Wang B., Cleary M. J., Masri A. R., Numerical convergence of volume of fluid based large eddy simulations of atomizing sprays, Physics of Fluids, 33, 4, 2021. Crossref
-
Bozonnet Cyril, Matas Jean-Philippe, Balarac Guillaume, Desjardins Olivier, Stability of an air–water mixing layer: focus on the confinement effect, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 933, 2022. Crossref
-
Masri A.R., Challenges for turbulent combustion, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 38, 1, 2021. Crossref
-
Crialesi-Esposito Marco, Gonzalez-Montero L.A., Salvador F.J., Effects of isotropic and anisotropic turbulent structures over spray atomization in the near field, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 150, 2022. Crossref
-
Mohamed Essadki, Florence Drui, Stéphane de Chaisemartin, Adam Larat, Thibault Ménard, Marc Massot, Statistical modeling of the gas–liquid interface using geometrical variables: Toward a unified description of the disperse and separated phase flows, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 120, 2019. Crossref
-
Shen Lixin , Su Hao , Qin La , Xing Fei, Chan Shining , NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF DUAL-LAYER LIQUID SHEETS MERGING ON PRIMARY BREAKUP IN DUAL-ORIFICE NOZZLES , Atomization and Sprays, 32, 9, 2022. Crossref