Published 12 issues per year
ISSN Print: 1521-9437
ISSN Online: 1940-4344
Indexed in
Nutritional Attributes and Nonvolatile Taste Components of Medicinally Important Wild False Earthstar Mushroom, Astraeus hygrometricus (Agaricomycetes), from India
ABSTRACT
Fruiting bodies of Astraeus hygrometricus mushroom grown wild in the forests of Jharkhand, India were investigated for their proximate nutritional composition and taste imparting nonvolatile components. Fruiting bodies contained good amount of total carbohydrates (55.76%), reducing sugars (15.98%), protein (16.02%), and dietary fiber (39.78%) but were low in fat (3.5%), ash (3.8%), and energy (159.5 kcal). Fatty acids were represented by monounsaturated C18:1n9c oleic acid (4.59%) and saturated C16:0 palmitic acid (2.63%). In vitro digestibility of protein is an indicator of its availability to human body and A. hygrometricus has 33.2% in vitro digestibility. Among the minerals found (mg/100 g), potassium (K, 1930.0) was major mineral followed by calcium (Ca, 443.0), magnesium (Mg, 434.0), sodium (Na, 155.0), iron (Fe, 127.0), manganese (Mn, 16.0), and selenium (Se, 1.60). Pro-vitamin D2 (ergosterol) was also determined to be 1.09 mg/g. Analysis of soluble sugars indicated that mannitol (11.22 mg/g) was the major sugar alcohol conferring sweetness to the fruiting bodies. Among total free amino acids (8.20 mg/g), seven essential amino acids (3.9) and eight nonessential amino acids (4.3) were detected. Leucine (0.92) and tyrosine (0.98) were the major essential and nonessential amino acids, respectively. Aspartic (0.61) and glutamic acid (0.63) were also present in AH and responsible for its MSG like taste. Thus, A. hygrometricus is a good source of free essential amino acids and selenium, which is not synthesized by humans. Meaty flavor of the fruiting body of A. hygrometricus was mainly due to umami 5'-guanosine monophosphate (2.43 mg/g). Sweet taste and meaty flavor of the mushroom were due to nonvolatile taste components including soluble sugars and polyols, MSG like aspartic and glutamic acid, and umami 5'-nucleotide. Overall A. hygrometricus proved its edibility as a tasty and nutritional food.
-
Singh P, Varshney VK, Kumar KJ, Singh, S. A review on nutritional and biological potential of earthstar mushrooms, species of genus Astraeus species (Agaricomycetes). Int J Med Mushrooms. 2019;21:523-36.
-
Sanmee R, Dell B, Lumpong P, Izumori K, Lumyong S. Nutritive value of popular wild edible mushrooms from northern Thailand. Food Chem. 2003;82:527-32.
-
Khan F, Chandra R. Bioprospecting of wild mushrooms from India with respect to their medicinal aspects. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2019;21:181-92.
-
Biswas G, Sarkar S, Acharya K. Proximate analysis of Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morg. J Mycopathol Res. 2010;48(1):155-58.
-
Rajak RC, Rai MK. Edible tribal mushroom resources of central India and their ethnological aspects. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2005;7:458.
-
Biswas G, Nandi S, Kuila D, Acharya K. A comprehensive review on food and medicinal prospects of Astraeus hygrometricus. Pharmacogn J. 2017;9(6):799-806.
-
Singh P, Kumar A, Varshney VK, Stashenko EE. GC-MS analysis of different extracts of wild edible mushroom Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morgan from Jharkhand, India. Proceeding of 10th International Medicinal Mushroom Conference; 2019 September 19-22; Nantong, China. p. 452-64.
-
Pavithra M, Sridhar KR, Greeshna AA. Nutritional quality attributes of edible gasteroid wild mushroom Astraeus hygrometricus. In: Gehlot P, Singh J, editors. Fungi and their role in sustainable development. Singapore: Springer Nature; 2018. p. 367-82.
-
Singh N. Edible potential ofwild mushroomAstraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morg. Nat Environ Pollut Technol. 2010;9:597-600.
-
Das SK, Mandal A, Datta AK, Das D, Paul R, Saha A, Sengupta S, Gupta S, Halder S. Identification of wild edible mushrooms from tropical dry deciduous forest of eastern Chotanagpur plateau, West Bengal India. Proc Natl Acad Sci India B Biol Sci. 2015;85(1):219-32.
-
Kakumyan P, Matsui K. Characterization of volatile compounds in Astraeus spp. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2009;73(12):2742-45.
-
Official methods of analysis. 12th Ed. Washington, D.C: Association of Official Analytical Chemists; 1975.
-
Jackson ML. Nitrogen determination from soils and plant tissues. In: Soil chemical analysis. London: Constable and Company; 1962. p. 183-204.
-
Crisan EV, Sands A. Edible mushrooms: nutritional value. In: Chang ST, Hayes WA, editors. The biology and cultivation of edible mushrooms. New York: Academic Press; 1978. p. 137-65.
-
Saunders RM, Kohler GO. In vitro determination of protein digestibility in wheat mill feeds for monogastric animals. Cereal Chem. 1972;49:98-103.
-
Sadasivam S, Manickam A. Biochemical methods. 2nd Ed. New Delhi: New Age International; 1996. p. 185-86.
-
Ulziijargal E, Mau J-L. Nutrient compositions of culinary-medicinal mushroom fruiting bodies and mycelia. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2011;13:343-49.
-
Barros L, Baptista P, Correia DM, Casal S, Oliveira B, Ferreira ICFR. Fatty acid and sugar compositions and nutritional value of five wild edible mushrooms from northeast Portugal. Food Chem. 2007;105:140-45.
-
Huang SJ, Tsai SY, Lin SY, Liang CH, Mau JL. Nonvolatile taste components of culinary-medicinal maitake mushroom, Grifola frondosa (Dicks.:Fr.) S.F. Gray. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2011;13:265-72.
-
Dhillon MK, Kumar S, Gujar GT. A common HPLC-PDA method for amino acid analysis in insects and plants. Ind J Exp Biol. 2014;52(1):73-9.
-
Raina S, Sodhi HS, Sethi S. Identification of ergosterol in mushrooms. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products; 2014 November 19-22; NASC Complex, New Delhi, India. Solan, Shimla: Directorate of Mushroom Research; 2014. p. 247-51.
-
Chan JSL, Barseghyan GS, Asatiani MD, Wasser SP. Chemical composition and medicinal value of fruiting bodies and submerged cultured mycelia of caterpillar medicinal fungus Cordyceps militaris CBS-132098 (Ascomycetes). Int J Med Mushrooms. 2015;17:649-59.
-
Kettawan A, Chanlekha K, Kongkachuichai R, Charoensiri R. Effect of cooking on antioxidant activities and polyphenol content of edible mushrooms commonly consumed in Thialand. Pak J Nutr. 2011;10(11):1049-103.
-
Nakalembe I, Kabasa JD, Olila D. Comparative nutrient composition of selected wild edible mushrooms from two agroecological zones, Uganda. Springer Plus. 2015;4:433:1-15.
-
Cohen N, Cohen J, Asatiani MD, Varshney VK, Yu H-T, Yang Y-C, Li Y-H, Mau J-L, Wasser SP. Chemical composition and nutritional and medicinal value of fruit bodies and submerged cultured mycelia of culinary-medicinal higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2014;16:273-91.
-
Cheung PCK. Mushroom and health. Nutr Bull. 2010;35:292-99.
-
Cheung PCK. Mini-review on edible mushrooms as source of dietary fiber: preparation and health benefits. Food Sci Human Wellness. 2013;2:162-66.
-
Falandysz J, Borovicka J. Macro- and trace mineral constituents and radionuclides in mushrooms-health benefits and risks. App Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013;97:477-501.
-
Genfcelep H, Uzunb Y, Tunfturk Y, Demirel K. Determination of mineral contents of wild-grown edible mushrooms. Food Chem. 2009;113:1033-36.
-
Milovanovic I, Brceski I, Stajic M, Knezevic A, Vukojevic J. Potential enrichment of medicinal mushrooms with selenium to obtain new dietary supplements. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2013;15(5):449-55.
-
Tsai S-Y, Mau J-L, Huang S-J. Enhancement of antioxidant properties and increase of content of vitamin D2 and non-volatile components in fresh button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (higher Basidiomycetes) by y-irradiation. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2014;16:137-47.
-
Kamweru PK, Tindibale EL. Vitamin D and vitamin D from ultraviolet-irradiated mushrooms (review). Int J Med Mushrooms. 2016;18:205-14.
-
Lin S-Y, Chien S-C, Wang S-Y, Mau J-L. Nonvolatile taste components and antioxidant properties of fruiting body and mycelium with high ergothioneine content from the culinary-medicinal golden oyster mushroom Pleurotus citrinopileatus (Agaricomycetes). Int J Med Mushrooms. 2016;18:689-98.
-
Beluhan S, Renugajek A. Chemical composition and non-volatile components of Croatian wild edible mushrooms. Food Chem. 2011;124(3):1076-82.
-
Kim MY, Chung LM, Lee SJ, Ahn JK, Kim EH, Kim MJ, Kim SL, Moon HI, Ro HM, Kang EY, Seo SH, Song HK. Comparison of free amino acid, carbohydrates concentrations in Korean edible and medicinal mushrooms. Food Chem. 2009;113:386-93.
-
Breene WM. Nutritional and medicinal value of specialty mushrooms. J Food Proteins. 1990;53:883-94.
-
Mau JL. The umami taste of edible and medicinal mushrooms. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2005;7:113-9.
-
Zhang Y, Venkitasamy C, Pan ZL, Wang W. Recent developments on umami ingredients of edible mushrooms-a review. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2013;33:78-92.
-
Litchfield JH. Morel mushroom mycelium as a food-flavoring material. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1967;9:289-304.
-
Vishal Vineet, Munda Somnath Singh, Singh Geetanjali, Lal Shalini, Hidden Earthstar Diversity in the Jharkhand State of India, in Fungal diversity, ecology and control management, 2022. Crossref