Publicado 12 números por año
ISSN Imprimir: 1044-5110
ISSN En Línea: 1936-2684
Indexed in
LIQUID SPRAY PENETRATION MEASUREMENTS USING HIGH-SPEED BACKLIGHT ILLUMINATION IMAGING IN A SMALL-BORE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE
SINOPSIS
The present study optically measures the liquid spray penetration using high-speed backlight illumination imaging in a running small-bore compression-ignition engine. This imaging technique utilizes high-power LED as a light source that is reflected on the flat cylinder head surface except the vaporizing spray region. The boundary detection of this dark region is performed to calculate the spray tip penetration. The liquid spray development was visualized for 3 custom-made fuels exhibiting identical physical properties except the cetane number (CN30, CN40, and CN50) and a range of the distillation curves. Because the applicable injection timing range is more advanced for a lower cetane number fuel and vice versa, it provides an ample opportunity to discuss the effects of varying ambient gas temperature/density on the spray. For all tested conditions, the high-speed backlight illumination imaging was repeated for 30 injections. The results showed similar initial increase of the spray penetration for all tested injection timings and fuels due to the strong injection momentum. However, the later spray penetration showed a measurable variation with the maximum penetration becoming longer for both earlier and later injections off from TDC. The trends indicate increased spray penetration due to decreased mixing-limited vaporization at lower ambient gas temperature/density conditions. This was further supported by longer tip penetration for a fuel with higher distillation temperatures. The trends were successfully predicted using a transient jet mixing model employing discrete control volumes, suggesting indeed mixing-limited vaporization governs the liquid spray penetration in a small-bore engine.
-
Bardi, M., Payri, R., Malbec, L.M., Bruneaux, G., Pickett, L.M., Manin, J., Bazyn, T., and Genzale, C., Engine Combustion Network: Comparison of Spray Development, Vaporization, and Combustion in Different Combustion Vessels, At. Sprays, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 807-842,2012.
-
Browne, K.R., Partridge, I.M., and Greeves, G., Fuel Property Effects on Fuel/Air Mixing in an Experimental Diesel Engine, SAE Tech. Paper, p. 860223, 1986.
-
Canaan, R.E., Dec, J.E., Green, R.M., and Daly, D.T., The Influence of Fuel Volatility on the Liquid-Phase Fuel Penetration in a Heavy-Duty D.I. Diesel Engine, SAE Tech. Paper, p. 980510, 1998.
-
Du, J., Mohan, B., Sim, J., Fang, T., and Roberts, W.L., Experimental and Analytical Study on Liquid and Vapor Penetration of High-Reactivity Gasoline Using a High-Pressure Gasoline Multi-Hole Injector, Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 163, p. 114187,2019.
-
Du, J., Mohan, B., Sim, J., Fang, T., and Roberts, W.L., Macroscopic Non-Reacting Spray Characterization of Gasoline Compression Ignition Fuels in a Constant Volume Chamber, Fuel, vol. 255, p. 115818,2019.
-
Goyal, H., Kook, S., and Ikeda, Y., The Influence of Fuel Ignition Quality and First Injection Proportion on Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) Combustion in a Small-Bore Engine, Fuel, vol. 235, pp. 1207-1215,2019.
-
Goyal, H., Zhang, Y., Kook, S., Kim, K.S., and Kweon, C.-B., Low- to High-Temperature Reaction Transition in a Small-Bore Optical Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) Engine, SAE Int. J. Engines, vol. 12, pp. 3-12,2019.
-
Goyal, H. and Kook, S., Ignition Process of Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) Combustion in a Small-Bore Optical Engine, Fuel, vol. 256, p. 115844,2019.
-
Higgins, B., Mueller, C., and Siebers, D., Measurements of Fuel Effects on Liquid-Phase Penetration in DI Sprays, SAE Tech. Paper, no. 1999-01-0519,1999.
-
Hiroyasu, H. and Arai, M., Structures of Fuel Sprays in Diesel Engines, SAE Tech. Paper, p. 900475,1990.
-
Hodges, J.T., Baritaud, T.A., and Heinze, T.A., Planar Liquid and Gas Fuel and Droplet Size Visualization in a DI Diesel Engine, SAE Tech. Paper, p. 910726, 1991.
-
Kashdan, J.T., Mendez, S., and Bruneaux, G., On the Origin of Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions in a Wall Guided, Low NO Diesel Combustion System, SAE Tech. Paper, no. 2007-01-1836,2007.
-
Kim, Y.J., Kim, K.B., and Lee, K.H., Experimental Study on Liquid Phase LPG Spray and Icing Phenomenon for a Middle Class Diesel Engine Application, At. Sprays, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 611-624, 2011.
-
Kim, K., Kim, D., Jung, Y., and Bae, C., Spray and Combustion Characteristics of Gasoline and Diesel in a Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine, Fuel, vol. 109, pp. 616-626, 2013.
-
Kim, D., Park, S.S., and Bae, C., Schlieren, Shadowgraph, Mie-Scattering Visualization of Diesel and Gasoline Sprays in High Pressure/High Temperature Chamber under GDCI Engine Low Load Condition, Int. J. Automot. Technol., vol. 19, pp. 1-8, 2018.
-
Kook, S., Pickett, L.M., and Musculus, M.P.B., Influence of Diesel Injection Parameters on End-Of-Injection Liquid Length Recession, SAE Int. J. Engines, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1994-1210, 2009.
-
Kook, S. and Pickett, L.M., Liquid Length and Vapor Penetration of Conventional, Fischer-Tropsch, Coal-Derived, and Surrogate Fuel Sprays at High-Temperature and High-Pressure Ambient Conditions, Fuel, vol. 93, pp. 539-548,2012.
-
Martin, G.C., Mueller, C.J., Milam, D.M., Radovanovic, M.S., and Gehrke, C.R., Early Direct-Injection, Low-Temperature Combustion of Diesel Fuel in an Optical Engine Utilizing a 15-Hole, Dual-Row, Narrow-Included-Angle Nozzle, SAE Int. J. Engines, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1057-1082,2008.
-
Min, K., Valco, D.J., Oldani, A., Kim, K., Temme, J., Kweon, C.-B., and Lee, T., Autoignition of Varied Cetane Number Fuels at Low Temperatures, Proc. Combust. Inst., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 5003-5011, 2019.
-
Moon, S., Tsujimura, T., Oguma, M., Chen, Z., Huang, Z., and Saitou, T., Mixture Condition, Combustion and Sooting Characteristics of Ethanol-Diesel Blends in Diffusion Flames under Various Injection and Ambient Conditions, Fuel, vol. 113, pp. 128-139, 2013.
-
Musculus, M.P.B. and Kattke, K., Entrainment Waves in Diesel Jets, SAE Int. J. Engines, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1170-1193,2009.
-
Naber, J. and Siebers, D., Effects of Gas Density and Vaporization on Penetration and Dispersion of Diesel Sprays, SAE Tech. Paper, p. 960034, 1996.
-
Nilaphai, O., Hespel, C., Chanchaona, S., and Mounalm-Rousselle, C., Spray and Combustion Characterizations of ABE/Dodecane Blend in Comparison to Alcohol/Dodecane Blends at High-Pressure and High-Temperature Conditions, Fuel, vol. 225, pp. 542-553, 2018.
-
Otsu, N., A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern., vol. 9, no. 1,pp. 62-66, 1979.
-
Pastor, J.V., Payri, R., Garcia-Oliver, J.M., andNerva, J.G., Schlieren Measurements of the ECN-Spray a Penetration under Inert and Reacting Conditions, SAE Tech. Paper, no. 2012-01-0456,2012.
-
Pickett, L.M., Kook, S., and Williams, T.C., Transient Liquid Penetration of Early-Injection Diesel Sprays, SAE Int. J. Engines, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 785-804, 2009.
-
Siebers, D.L., Liquid-Phase Fuel Penetration in Diesel Sprays, SAE Tech. Paper, p. 980809,1998.
-
Siebers, D.L., Scaling Liquid-Phase Fuel Penetration in Diesel Sprays based on Mixing-Limited Vaporization, SAE Tech. Paper, no. 1999-01-0528, 1999.
-
Som, S. and Aggarwal, S.K., Effects of Primary Breakup Modeling on Spray and Combustion Characteristics of Compression Ignition Engines, Combust. Flame, vol. 157, pp. 1179-1193,2010.
-
Woo, C., Kook, S., and Hawkes, E.R., Effect of Intake Air Temperature and Common-Rail Pressure on Ethanol Combustion in a Single-Cylinder Light-Duty Diesel Engine, Fuel, vol. 180, pp. 9-19, 2016.
-
Yule, A.J. and Filipovic, I., On the Break-Up Times and Lengths of Diesel Sprays, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, vol. 13, pp. 197-206, 1992.
-
Zigan, L., Schmitz, I., Fliigel, A., Knorsch, T., Wensing, M., and Leipertz, A., Effect of Fuel Properties on Spray Breakup and Evaporation Studied for a Multihole Direct Injection Spark Ignition Injector, Energy Fuels, vol. 24, pp. 4341-4350, 2010.
-
Yang Dong, Chen Lin, Zang Jinguang, Huang Yanping, Chen Haisheng, Experimental characterization and analysis of supercritical jet dynamics by phase-shifting interferometer system, The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 189, 2022. Crossref