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Catalysis in Green Chemistry and Engineering

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ISSN Imprimer: 2572-9896

ISSN En ligne: 2572-990X

H-Index: 2

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SELF-CONDENSATION OF ACETOPHENONE TO DYPNONE: SYNERGISM OF MICROWAVE AND SOLID ACID CATALYSIS

Volume 5, Numéro 1, 2022, pp. 29-39
DOI: 10.1615/CatalGreenChemEng.2022038991
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RÉSUMÉ

The synthesis of 1,3-diphenyl-2-buten-1-one (dypnone), an intermediate used in the manufacture of a large range of compounds, was carried out via the solventless self-condensation of acetophenone using microwave irradiation over various solid acid catalysts, in which 20% (w/w) cesium (Cs)-substituted dodecatungstophosphoric acid [(Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40) DTP] supported on K-10 clay (Cs-DTP/K-10) was the best catalyst. The conversion percentages of acetophenone and selectivity for trans-dypnone using Cs-DTP/K-10 (0.10 g/cm3) at 413 K were 56% and 92%, respectively. A pronounced effect of microwave irradiation on the reaction rate was observed compared to the conventional heating. The catalyst was recycled three times to show that there was only a marginal decrease in the activity of the recycled catalyst with no loss in the selectivity for dypnone. The effect of various reaction parameters on the reaction rate and selectivity was investigated to deduce the intrinsic kinetics of the reaction. Based on the experimental data, a suitable kinetic model was developed.

Figures

  • Self-condensation of acetophenone
  • Effect of various catalysts (acetophenone, 0.16 mol; catalyst loading, 0.10 g/cm3; temperature, 413 K; agitation speed,
1000 rpm)
  • Microwave versus conventional heating (acetophenone, 0.16 mol; catalyst loading, 0.10 g/cm3; temperature, 413 K;
agitation speed, 1000 rpm)
  • Effect of agitation speed (acetophenone, 0.16 mol; catalyst loading, 0.10 g/cm3; temperature 413 K)
  • Effect of catalyst loading (acetophenone, 0.16 mol; temperature, 413 K; agitation speed, 1000 rpm)
  • Effect of temperature (acetophenone, 0.16 mol; catalyst loading, 0.10 g/cm3; agitation speed, 1000 rpm)
  • Catalyst reusability (acetophenone, 0.16 mol; catalyst loading, 0.10 g/cm3; temperature, 413 K; agitation speed, 1000
rpm)
  • Validation of the mathematical model at different temperatures
  • Arrhenius plot
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