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Atomization and Sprays

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ISSN Print: 1044-5110

ISSN Online: 1936-2684

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ATOMIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ANNULAR SHEET WITH INNER AIR IN A SONIC TWIN-FLUID ATOMIZER

Volume 33, Issue 1, 2023, pp. 17-41
DOI: 10.1615/AtomizSpr.2022042237
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ABSTRACT

This study examines the sonic twin-fluid atomizer based on gas-dynamic effects and atomization behavior with two distinct configurations: converging and converging-diverging (CD) atomizers. The atomization characteristics are compared by employing a 280-μm annular liquid sheet with central core air. CD atomizer exhibited the sheet rupture breakup mechanism, whereas perforated wavy sheet disintegration was observed in the converging atomizer with both atomizers exhibiting a bursting phenomenon. Sauter mean diameter (D32) slightly varied with increased axial locations in the turbulent region. In comparison, D32 drastically increased with an increase in radial locations in the aerodynamic region, with more increment in the converging atomizer. Drop size distribution (DSD) showed unimodal distribution with a narrower range for CD atomizer in the turbulent region. In the aerodynamic region, DSD becomes more dispersed with an increase in radial location. The relative span factor (Δ) value sharply decreases for the converging atomizer with the axial location in the turbulent region. In comparison, the RSF (Δ) value remains in a narrow range ( ~ 2−4) for both atomizers in the aerodynamic region. Sauter mean diameter (SMD), when plotted against the air-to-liquid mass ratio for the turbulent and aerodynamic region, exhibited a near-inverse relationship. The relative span factor (Δ) displayed a similar trend except for the aerodynamic region with slight variation for the CD atomizer case.

Figures

  • FIG. 1: Schematic for CD atomizer and converging atomizer
  • FIG. 2: Schematic of shadowgraph imaging setup for airflow study
  • FIG. 3: Schematic for the laser-based shadowgraphy imaging
  • FIG. 4: Shadowgraphy imaging unit with a Barlow lens for the droplet size measurement
  • FIG. 5: (a) Shadowgraphy calibration plate and (b) calibration using 50–1000-¹m range for droplet size
measurement
  • FIG. 6: Shadowgraph imaging photographs for the 11.1-g/s airflow rate: (a) converging atomizer and (b)
CD atomizer
  • FIG. 7: Near-nozzle imaging photographs for (I) 8.33-g/s airflow rate with different water flow rates and
(II) 55.55-g/s water flow rate with different airflow rates for both converging atomizer and CD atomizer
  • FIG. 8: Near-nozzle imaging (temporal) for 9.72-g/s airflow rate and 27.77-g/s water flow rate for both
converging atomizer and CD atomizer
  • FIG. 9: Larger FOV imaging photographs for the 8.33-g/s airflow rate for different water flow rates for
both converging atomizer and CD atomizer
  • FIG. 10: Larger FOV imaging photographs for the 55.55-g/s water flow rate for different airflow rates for
both converging atomizer and CD atomizer
  • FIG. 11: Measurement locations for the shadowgraphy imaging for the droplet size measurement
  • FIG. 12: Plot showing (a) SMD for 8.33-g/s airflow rate for various liquid flow rates and (b) SMD for
55.55-g/s liquid flow rate for various airflow rates for different axial locations
  • FIG. 13: Plot showing (a) RSF for 8.33-g/s airflow rate for various liquid flow rates and (b) RSF for
55.55-g/s liquid flow rate for various airflow rates for different axial locations
  • FIG. 14: Histogram showing the DSD (normalized volume) and cumulative distribution curve (in green
color) for different airflow rates for 55.55-g/s water flow rate at axial location (Z=D = 116.67) downstream
  • FIG. 15: Plot showing SMD values for different radial locations at an axial location (Z=D = 183.33)
downstream: (a) at 8.33-g/s airflow rate for various liquid flow rates and (b) at 55.55-g/s liquid flow rate for
various airflow rates
  • FIG. 16: Plot showing RSF values for different radial locations at an axial location (Z=D = 183.33) downstream:
(a) at 8.33-g/s airflow rate for various liquid flow rates and (b) at 55.55-g/s liquid flow rate for
various airflow rates
  • FIG. 17: Histogram showing the DSD (normalized volume) and cumulative distribution curve (green or
curved line) for different radial locations for 8.33-g/s air flow rate and 27.77-g/s water flow ra
  • FIG. 18: Plot showing the mean droplet size (D32) and RSF (¢) for the turbulent air-core region (axial
locations only)
  • FIG. 19: Plot showing the mean droplet size (D32) and RSF (¢) for the aerodynamic breakup region (radial
locations only)
  • FIG. 20: 3D Plot showing the mean droplet size (SMD) against Reynolds numbers for both fluid flow rates
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