Published 4 issues per year
ISSN Print: 2169-2785
ISSN Online: 2167-857X
Indexed in
RHEOLOGY OF METHANOL-BASED METAL OXIDE NANOFLUIDS: EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, PARTICLE TYPE, AND MASS FRACTION
ABSTRACT
Viscosity and shear stress are the important rheological properties for nanofluids as they significantly affect the flow and heat transfer process. The rheology of the water-based nanofluid has been well studied, although the results are scarce for non-aqueous nanofluids. This study reports the rheology properties of three different oxide nanofluids (Cu2O, CuO, and TiO2) in methanol, a typical non-aqueous base liquid, at different mass fractions and temperatures. The methanol-based oxide nanofluids behaved as non-Newtonian fluids with a shear shining phenomenon. The effect of high temperature on rheology resulted in low viscosity and shear stress. The higher the temperature, the lower the viscosity and shear stress. The particle type caused increase of both shear stress and viscosity, with a decreasing order of CuO > Cu2O > TiO2. Our experimental results were then fitted and compared to various empirical models. The Ostwald-de-Waele correlation fit our experimental results for three different kinds of oxide nanofluids quite well, especially for TiO2.
-
Abbas, N., Awan, M.B., Amer, M., Ammar, S.M., Sajjad, U., Ali, H.M., Zahra, N., Hussain, M., Badshah, M.A., and Jafry, A.T., Applications of Nanofluids in Photovoltaic Thermal Systems: A Review of Recent Advances, Physica A., vol. 536, p. 122513, 2019.
-
Abbas, F., Ali, H.M., Shah, T.R.,Babar, H., Janjua, M.M., Sajjad, U., and Amer, M., Nanofluid: Potential Evaluation in Automotive Radiator, J. Mol. Liquids, vol. 297, p.112014,2020.
-
Brinkman, H., The Viscosity of Concentrated Suspensions and Solutions, J. Chem. Phys., vol. 20, p. 571,1952.
-
Batchelor, G.K., The Effect of Brownian Motion on the Bulk Stress in a Suspension of Spherical Particles, J. Fluid. Mech., vol. 83, no. 1,p. 97,1977.
-
Chevalier, J., Tillement, O., and Ayela, F., Rheological Properties of Nanofluids Flowing through Microchannels, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 91, no. 23, p. 233103,2007.
-
Chen, H., Ding, Y., and Tan, C., Rheological Behaviour of Nanofluids, New J. Phys., vol. 9, no. 10, p. 367,2007a.
-
Chen, H., Ding, Y., He, Y., and Tan, C., Rheological Behaviour of Ethylene Glycol based Titania Nanofluids, Chem. Phys. Lett., vol. 444, nos. 4-6, pp. 333-337,2007b.
-
Chevalier, J., Tillement, O., and Ayela, F., Structure and Rheology of SiO2 Nanoparticle Suspensions under Very High Shear Rates, Phys. Rev. E, vol. 80, no. 5, p. 051403,2009.
-
Chandrasekar, M., Suresh, S., and Bose, A.C., Experimental Investigations and Theoretical Determination of Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Al2O3/Water Nanofluid, Exp. Therm. FluidSci., vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 210-216,2010.
-
Einstein, A., Eine Neue Bestimmung der Molekiildimensionen, Ann. Phys., vol. 324, no. 2, pp. 289-306,1906.
-
Esfe, M.H., Raki, H.R., Emami, M.R.S., and Afrand, M., Viscosity and Rheological Properties of Antifreeze based Nanofluid Containing Hybrid Nano-Powders of MWCNTs and TiO2 under Different Temperature Conditions, Powder Technol., vol. 342, pp. 808-816,2019.
-
Firouzfar, E., Soltanieh, M., Noie, S.H., and Saidi, S.H., Energy Saving in HVAC Systems Using Nanofluid, Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 31, nos. 8-9, pp. 1543-1545,2011.
-
Gonzalez, B., Calvar, N., Gomez, E., and Dominguez, A., Density, Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Properties of Binary Mixtures of Methanol or Ethanol with Water, Ethyl Acetate, and Methyl Acetate at T = (293.15, 298.15, and 303.15) K, J. Chem. Thermodynam., vol. 39, pp. 1578-1588,2007.
-
Garg, P., Alvarado, J.L., Marsh, C., Carlson, T.A., Kessler, D.A., and Annamalai, K., An Experimental Study on the Effect of Ultrasonication on Viscosity and Heat Transfer Performance of Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotube-Based Aqueous Nanofluids, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 52,nos. 21-22, pp. 5090-5101,2009.
-
Hojjat, M., Etemad, S.G., Bagheri, R., and Thibault, J., Rheological Characteristics of Non-Newtonian Nanofluids: Experimental Investigation, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 144-148,2011.
-
Hendraningrat, L., Li, S.D., and Torsster, O., A Core Flood Investigation of Nanofluid Enhanced Oil Recovery, J. Petrol. Sci. Eng., vol. 111, pp. 128-138,2013.
-
Khanafer, K., and Vafai, K., A Review on the Applications of Nanofluids in Solar Energy Field, Renewable Energy, vol. 123, pp. 398-406,2018.
-
Khodadadi, H., Toghraie, D., and Karimipour, A., Effects of Nanoparticles to Present a Statistical Model for the Viscosity of MgO-Water Nanofluid, Powder Technol, vol. 342, pp. 166-180,2019.
-
Li, X.K., Chen, W.J., and Zou, C.J., The Stability, Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Nanotubes Nanofluids with High Particle Concentration: A Surface Modification Approach, Powder Technol., vol. 361, pp. 957-967,2020.
-
Mostafizur, R.M., Abudul Aziz, R.A., Saidur, R., Bhuiyan, M.H.U., and Mahbubul, I.M., Effect of Temperature and Volume Fraction on Rheology ofMethanol based Nanofluids, Int. J. HeatMass Transf., vol. 77, pp. 765-769,2014.
-
Mostafizur, R.M., Abudul Aziz, R.A., Saidur, R., and Bhuiyan, M.H.U., Investigation on Stability and Viscosity of SiO2-CH3OH (Methanol)Nanofluids, Int. Commun. HeatMass Transf., vol. 72, pp. 16-22,2016.
-
Nguyen, C.T., Desgranges, F., Roy, G., Galanis, N., Mare, T., Boucher, S., and Mintsa, H.A., Temperature and Particle-Size De-pendent Viscosity Data for Water based Nanofluids-Hysteresis Phenomenon, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1492-1506,2017.
-
Pang, C., Jung, J.Y., Lee, J.W., and Kang, Y.T., Thermal Conductivity Measurement of Methanol-Based Nanofluids with Al2O3 and SiO2 Nanoparticles, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 55, nos. 21-22, pp. 5597-5602,2012.
-
Sun, L., Yang, G.W., Wang, Y.C., and Jing, D.W., Experimental Study on High-Pressure Rheology of Water/Crude Oil Emulsion in the Presence of Methane, J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 789-795,2017.
-
Sajid, M.U. and Ali, H.M., Recent Advances in Application of Nanofluids in Heat Transfer Devices: A Critical Review, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., vol. 103, pp. 556-592,2019.
-
Shah, T.R. and Ali, H.M., Applications of Hybrid Nanofluids in Solar Energy, Practical Limitations and Challenges: A Critical Review, Solar Energy, vol. 183, pp. 173-203,2019.
-
Tseng, W.J. and Tzeng, F., Effect of Ammonium Polyacrylate on Dispersion and Rheology of Aqueous ITO Nanoparticle Colloids, Colloids Surf. A., vol. 276, nos. 1-3, pp. 34-39,2006.
-
Vasiliev, L.L., State of the Art on Heat Pipe Technology in the Former Soviet Union, Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 507-551, 1998.
-
Wang, X., Xu, X., and Choi, S.U.S., Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticle-Fluid Mixture, J. Thermophys. Heat Transf., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 474-480,1999.
-
Wilczynski, K., Reologia w Przetworstwie Tworzyw Sztucznych, Warsaw, Poland: Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Techniczne, 2001.
-
Wahab, A., Hassan, A., Qasim, M.A., Ali, H.M., Babar, H., and Sajid, M.U., Solar Energy Systems - Potential of Nanofluids, J. Mol. Liquids, vol. 289, p. 111049,2019.
-
Xu, H.J., Xing, Z.B., Wang, F.Q., and Cheng, Z.M., Review on Heat Conduction, Heat Convection, Thermal Radiation and Phase Change Heat Transfer of Nanofluids in Porous Media: Fundamentals and Applications, Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 195, pp. 462-483, 2019.
-
Yang, X., Yan, Y., and Mullen, D., Recent Developments of Light Weight, High Performance Heat Pipes, Appl. Therm. Eng., vols. 33-34, pp. 1-14,2012.
-
Yang, L., Xu, J.Y., Du, K., and Zhang, X.S., Recent Developments on Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids, Powder Technol., vol. 317, pp. 348-369,2017.
-
Sun Le, Zhao Qianyun, Zhang Yanmin, Gao Wei, Jing Dengwei, Insights into the rheological behavior of ethanol-based metal oxide nanofluids, Journal of Molecular Liquids, 323, 2021. Crossref