ライブラリ登録: Guest

ANALYZING SIGNALS OF (IN)EQUITY AND POWER IN ENGINEERING COLLEGE INTERNSHIP ADVERTISEMENTS

巻 28, 発行 4, 2022, pp. 25-49
DOI: 10.1615/JWomenMinorScienEng.2021037923
Get accessDownload

要約

Gendered and racialized barriers play a significant role in undergraduate students' interest and persistence in engineering. While sexist and racist environments have been widely investigated in engineering academic settings, the impediments to equity in work-related engineering socialization experiences are far less explored. Specific to undergraduate students' work settings, internships serve as anticipatory socialization experiences where students learn what it is like to work in certain fields. Yet, little is known about the cues that sponsoring companies provide to potential interns about organizational ideology and power. Drawing from 122 advertisements for college engineering internships, this study explored companies' language and linguistic tools in ads. Within a framework of signaling theory and feminist critical discourse analysis, we used document analysis to examine organizational statements of equal employment and diversity as well as (implicitly gendered and racialized) power structures signaled by linguistic tools (e.g., nominative personal pronouns). Findings reveal a lack of specificity in companies' explicit statements, suggesting that "diversity" language evades identifying concrete equity efforts. Further, results illustrate the complex nature of how companies used linguistic tools to promote their own diversity values and position interns' agency. Leveraging a feminist lens, we discuss how leaving inclusive practices and power structures unnamed may signal a performative commitment to equity. We conclude with implications for higher education researchers, practitioners in career services, and employers recruiting college interns.

参考
  1. Acarlar, G., & Bilgif, R. (2013). Factors influencing applicant willingness to apply for the advertised job opening: The mediational role of credibility, satisfaction and attraction. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(1), 50-77. DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2012.667427 .

  2. Avery, D. R., Volpone, S. D., Stewart, R. W., Luksyte, A., Hernandez, M., McKay, P. F., & Hebl, M. R. (2013). Examining the draw of diversity: How diversity climate perceptions affect job-pursuit intentions. Human Resource Management, 52(2), 175-94. DOI: 10.1002/hrm.21524 .

  3. Baecker, D. L. (1998). Uncovering the rhetoric of the syllabus. College Teaching, 26(2), 58-62. .

  4. Bell, V. (1999). Feminist imagination. Sage. .

  5. Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-8. .

  6. Bowleg, L. (2008). When Black + lesbian + woman ≠ Black lesbian woman: The methodological challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research. Sex Roles, 59(5), 312-25. .

  7. Carnevale, A. P., Jayasundera, T., & Repnikov, D. (2014). Understanding online job ads data: A technical report. Georgetown University, Center on Education and the Workforce. Retrieved from https://cew. georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/0CLM.Tech_.Web_.pdf. .

  8. Casper, W. J., Wayne, J. H., & Manegold, J. G. (2013). Who will we recruit? Targeting deep- and surface-level diversity with human resource policy advertising. Human Resource Management, 52(3), 311.

  9. Connelly, B. L., Certo, S. T., Ireland, R. D., & Reutzel, C. R. (2011). Signaling theory: A review and assessment. Journal of Management, 37(1), 39-67. DOI: 10.1177/0149206310388419 .

  10. Dailey, S. L. (2016). What happens before full-time employment? Internships as a mechanism of anticipatory socialization. Western Journal of Communication, 80(4), 453-80. DOI: 10.1080/10570314.2016.1159727 .

  11. Davis, D., & Binder, A. (2016). Selling students: The rise of corporate partnership programs in university career centers. In E. Popp Berman & C. Paradeise (Eds.), The university under pressure: Research in the sociology of organizations (Vol. 46, pp. 395-422). Bingley, UK: Emerald. .

  12. Dobbin, F., Schrage, D., & Kalev, A. (2015). Rage against the iron cage: The varied effects of bureaucratic personnel reforms on diversity. American Sociological Review, 80(5), 1014-44. DOI: 10.1177/0003122415596416 .

  13. Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. Gaucher, D., Friesen, J., & Kay, A. C. (2011). Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 109-28. .

  14. Greckhamer, T., & Cilesiz, S. (2014). Rigor, transparency, evidence, and representation in discourse analysis: Challenges and recommendations. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 13, 422-43. .

  15. Green, R. D., & Farazmand, F. A. (2012). Experiential learning: The internship and live-case study relationship. Business Education & Accreditation, 4(1), 13-23. .

  16. Holly, J. (2020). Disentangling engineering education research's anti-Blackness. Journal of Engineering Education, 109(4), 629-35. DOI: 10.1002/jee.20364 .

  17. Hora, M. T., Parrott, R., & Her, P. (2020). How do students conceptualise the college internship experience? Towards a student-centred approach to designing and implementing internships. Journal of Education and Work, 33(1), 48-66. DOI: 10.1080/13639080.2019.1708869 .

  18. Jiwani, Y., & Richardson, J. E. (2011). Discourse, ethnicity and racism. In T. A. van Dijk (Ed.), Discourse studies: A multidisciplinary introduction (pp. 241-262). Sage. .

  19. Kuh, G. D. (2008). High-impact educational practices: What they are, who has access to them, and why they matter. Association of American Colleges and Universities. .

  20. Lazar, M. M. (2007). Feminist critical discourse analysis: Articulating a feminist discourse praxis. Critical Discourse Studies, 4(2), 141-64. DOI: 10.1080/17405900701464816 .

  21. Lazar, M. M. (2014). Feminist critical discourse analysis. In S. Ehrlich, M. Meyerhoff, & J. Holmes (Eds.), The handbook of language, gender, and sexuality (pp. 180-200). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. .

  22. Leibbrandt, A., & List, J. A. (2018). Do equal employment opportunity statements backfire? Evidence from a natural field experiment on job-entry decisions. NBER Working Papers (No. 25035). Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w25035.pdf. .

  23. Marra, R. M., Rodgers, K. A., Shen, D., & Bogue, B. (2009). Women engineering students and self-efficacy: A multi-year, multi-institution study of women engineering student self-efficacy. Journal of Engineering Education, 98(1), 27-38. DOI: 10.1002/j.2168-9830.2009.tb01003.x .

  24. McHugh, P. P. (2017). The impact of compensation, supervision and work design on internship efficacy: Implications for educators, employers and prospective interns. Journal of Education and Work, 30(4), 367-82. DOI: 10.1080/13639080.2016.1181729 .

  25. McNab, S. M., & Johnston, L. (2002). The impact of equal employment opportunity statements in job advertisements on applicants' perceptions of organizations. Australian Journal of Psychology, 54(2), 105-209. .

  26. Mullet, D. R. (2018). A general critical discourse analysis framework for educational research. Journal of Advanced Academics, 29(2), 116-42. DOI: 10.1177/1932202X18758260 .

  27. National Association of Colleges and Employers. (2015). Students in demand: An insight into class of 2015 STEM graduates. Retrieved from https://www.naceweb.org/uploadedfiles/content/static-assets/down-loads/executive-summary/2016-stem-executive-summary.pdf. .

  28. National Association of Colleges and Employers. (2018). Position statement: U.S. internships. Retrieved from http://www.naceweb.org/about-us/advocacy/position-statements/position-statement-us-internships/. .

  29. National Association of Colleges and Employers. (2020). 2020 Internship & co-op survey report: Executive summary. Retrieved from https://www.naceweb.org/uploadedfiles/files/2020/publication/executive-summary/2020-nace-internship-and-co-op-survey-executive-summary.pdf. .

  30. National Center for Education Statistics. (2019). Table 318.30. Bachelor's, master's, and doctor's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline division: 2017-18. Digest of Education Statistics. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d19/tables/dt19_318. 30.asp. .

  31. National Science Board & National Science Foundation. (2014). Who earns degrees in engineering, and in what subfields? Retrieved from https://nsf.gov/nsb/sei/edTool/data/engineering-02.html. .

  32. Neumann, M. D., Latham, S. A., & Fitzgerald-Riker, M. (2016). Resisting cultural expectations: Women remaining as civil and environment engineering majors. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering, 22(2), 139-58. DOI: 10.1615/JWomenMinorScienEng.2016013949 .

  33. Nunley, J. M., Pugh, A., Romero, N., & Seals, R. A., Jr. (2016). College major, internship experience, and employment opportunities: Estimates from a resume audit. Labour Economics, 38, 37-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2015.11.002 .

  34. Ong, M., Jaumot-Pascual, N., & Ko, L. T. (2020). Research literature on women of color in undergraduate engineering education: A systematic thematic synthesis. Journal of Engineering Education, 109(3), 581-615. DOI: 10.1002/jee.20345 .

  35. Parks-Yancy, R. (2012). Interactions into opportunities: Career management for low-income, first-generation African American college students. Journal of College Student Development, 53(4), 510-23. DOI: 10.1353/csd.2012.0052 .

  36. Parson, L. (2016). Are STEM syllabi gendered? A feminist critical discourse analysis. The Qualitative Report, 21(1), 102-16. .

  37. Pawley, A., Mejia, J., & Revelo, R. (2018). Translating theory on color-blind racism to an engineering education context: Illustrations from the field of engineering education [Paper presentation]. American Society for Engineering Education Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, United States. .

  38. Putman, A. L. (2017). Perpetuation of whiteness ideologies in US college student discourse. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 46(6), 497-517. .

  39. Rios, J. A., Ling, G., Pugh, R., Becker, D., & Bacall, A. (2020). Identifying critical 21st-century skills for workplace success: A content analysis of job advertisements. Educational Researcher, 49(2), 80-9. DOI: 10.3102/0013189X19890600 .

  40. Rivera, L. A. (2015). Pedigree: How elite students get elite jobs. Princeton University Press. .

  41. Sampson, J. P., Jr., Reardon, R. C., Peterson, G. W., & Lenz, J. G. (2004). Career counseling and services: A cognitive information processing approach. New York: Thomson. .

  42. Samuelson, C., & Litzler, E. (2013). Seeing the big picture: The role that undergraduate work experiences can play in the persistence of female engineering undergraduates [Paper presentation]. American Society for Engineering Education Conference, Atlanta, GA, United States. Retrieved from https://www. asee.org/public/conferences/20/papers/6686/view .

  43. Schmidt, J. A., Chapman, D. S., & Jones, D. A. (2015). Does emphasizing different types of person-environment fit in online job ads influence application behavior and applicant quality? Evidence from a field experiment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 30, 267-82. DOI: 10.1007/s10869-014-9353-x .

  44. Sensoy, O., & DiAngelo, R. (2017). "We are all for diversity, but.": How faculty hiring committees reproduce whiteness and practical suggestions for how they can change. Harvard Educational Review, 87(4), 557-80. .

  45. Seron, C., Silbey, S. S., Cech, E., & Rubineau, B. (2016). Persistence is cultural: Professional socialization and the reproduction of sex segregation. Work and Occupations, 43(2), 178-214. DOI: 10.1177/0730888415618728 .

  46. Slaton, A. E. (2010). Race, rigor, and selectivity in US engineering: The history of an occupational color line. Harvard University Press. .

  47. Smith, D. G., Turner, C. S., Osei-Kofi, N., & Richards, S. (2004). Interrupting the usual: Successful strategies for hiring diverse faculty. The Journal of Higher Education, 75(2), 133-60, DOI: 10.1080/00221546.2004.11778900 .

  48. Smith, K. N., & Gayles, J. G. (2018). "Girl power": Gendered academic and workplace experiences of college women in engineering. Social Sciences, 7(2), Article 11. DOI: 10.3390/socsci7010011 .

  49. Spence, M. (1973). Job market signaling. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87, 355-79. .

  50. Stewart, D.-L., & Nicolazzo, Z. (2018). High impact of [whiteness] on trans students in postsecondary education. Equity & Excellence in Education, 51(2), 132-45. DOI: 10.1080/10665684.2018.1496046 .

  51. Stiglitz, J. E. (2000). The contributions of the economics of information to twentieth century economics. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115, 1441-78. .

  52. Strayhorn, T. L., & Johnson, R. M. (2016). What underrepresented minority engineering majors learn from coops & internships [Paper presentation]. American Society for Engineering Education Conference, New Orleans, LA, United States. .

  53. Tate, K. A., Caperton, W., Kaiser, D., Pruitt, N. T., White, H., & Hall, E. (2015). An exploration of first-generation college students' career development beliefs and experiences. Journal of Career Development, 42(4), 294-310. DOI: 10.1177/0894845314565025 .

  54. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (n.d.). Prohibited employment policies/practices. Retrieved from https://www.eeoc.gov/prohibited-employment-policiespractices .

  55. Walker, H. J., Feild, H. S., Giles, W. F., Bernerth, J. B., & Short, J. C. (2011). So what do you think of the organization? A contextual priming explanation for recruitment web site characteristics as antecedents of job seekers' organizational image perceptions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 114(2), 165-78. .

  56. Walker, H. J., Feild, H. S., Bernerth, J. B., & Becton, J. B. (2012). Diversity cues on recruitment websites: Investigating the effects on job seekers' information processing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 214-24. DOI: 10.1037/a0025847 .

  57. Wille, L., & Derous, E. (2017). Getting the words right: When wording of job ads affects ethnic minorities application decisions. Management Communication Quarterly, 31(4), 533-58. DOI: 10.1177/0893318917699885 .

  58. Woodcock, A., & Bairaktarova, D. (2015). Gender-biased self-evaluations of first-year engineering students. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering, 21(3), 255-69. DOI: 10.1615 JWomenMinorScienEng.2015013125 .

  59. Zakrasek, N. (2017). Connecting more Americans with jobs. Retrieved from https://www.blog.google/products/search/connecting-more-americans-jobs/. .

近刊の記事

Mitigating Barriers, Scaffolding Success: Institutional Supports for Black Undergraduate Women in Engineering Programs Meseret Hailu, Neelakshi Rajeev Tewari, Brooke Coley Underrepresented Students Pursuing Mathematics-Intensive Degrees: Changes after Transitioning to College Alison Marzocchi What do STEM Clubs do? The Effect of College Club Participation on Career Confidence and Gender Inclusion Guillermo Dominguez Garcia, Jennifer Glass Validating Practices and Messages that Promote Women’s Engineering Classroom Belongingness: An Intersectional Approach Dina Verdin, A Lili Castillo Examining the Role of Institutional Support on International Doctoral Women’s STEM Persistence and Mental Health Aisha Farra, Aashika Anantharaman, Sarah Swanson, Kerrie Wilkins-Yel, Jennifer Bekki, Nedim Yel, Ashley Randall, Bianca Bernstein Searching for safe space: Student veterans’ uneven pathways to STEM careers by race Brittany Hunt, Jae Hoon Lim Does Race, Ethnicity or Gender of the Mentor Affect Whether They Will be a “Good Mentor”? A Qualitative Analysis of Students’ Perceptions Reuben May, Christine Stanley, America Soto-Arzat, Jennifer Ackerman PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY AND TEAM MEMBER EFFECTIVENESS OF MINORITIZED STUDENTS IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION Behzad Beigpourian, Matthew Ohland Perceptions of Department Chair Roles and Responsibilities in Career Progression and Success of Women STEM Faculty Stephanie Jones, Patricia Ryan Pal “Barbed-Wire Boundaries”: Hidden Curriculum, First-Generation and Low-Income Engineering Students, and Internship Acquisition Jerry Yang, Joseph Towles, Sheri Sheppard, Sara Atwood “I Want to Make an Impact”: The Science Identity and Career Goals of Black and Latinx Science and Engineering Postdoctoral Scholars Sylvia Mendez, Kathryn Watson, Kathryn Starkey, Valerie Conley Care Work, Science Brokering, and Career Motivations: How Hispanic/Latinx Young Adults in STEM Express Social Agency during the COVID-19 Pandemic Angela Frederick, Angelica Monarrez, Danielle Morales Bridging the gap: A sequential mixed methods study of trust networks in graduate application, admissions, and enrollment Cynthia Villarreal, Julie Posselt, Theresa Hernandez, Alexander Rudolph
Begell Digital Portal Begellデジタルライブラリー 電子書籍 ジャーナル 参考文献と会報 リサーチ集 価格及び購読のポリシー Begell House 連絡先 Language English 中文 Русский Português German French Spain