Доступ предоставлен для: Guest
Critical Reviews™ in Biomedical Engineering

Выходит 6 номеров в год

ISSN Печать: 0278-940X

ISSN Онлайн: 1943-619X

SJR: 0.262 SNIP: 0.372 CiteScore™:: 2.2 H-Index: 56

Indexed in

COVID-19 Threat to the World: Current and Possible Diagnostic/Treatment Strategies

Том 49, Выпуск 1, 2021, pp. 21-33
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2021036595
Get accessDownload

Краткое описание

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in a world-wide crisis. To contain the virus, it is important to find infected individuals and isolate them to stop transmission. Various diagnostic techniques are used to check for infection. With the havoc that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus−2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created, it is imperative to work on alternative diagnostic techniques that can be used at both point of care with little or no expertise and at mass testing (i.e., when screening). Despite extensive research, to this date no specific effective treatment or cure is available to neutralize this viral infection. Globally, researchers are working to develop effective treatments, and several vaccines have been approved for public use. We found the studies that we explored for this review using appropriate key words for indexing in PubMed and Google Scholar from 2019 to 2020. We compile various techniques that have been used worldwide to diagnose and treat SARS-CoV-2 and discuss novel methods that may be modified for use in diagnosis and treatment. It is crucial to develop a more specific serological test for diagnosis that can rule out the possibility of COVID-19 and be used for mass testing. An affordable, safe, targeted, effective treatment must be developed to cure this disease, which has created a public health emergency of international concern.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА
  1. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard [database on the Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; c2020 [cited 2021 Jan 7]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/. .

  2. Vassilara F, Spyridaki A, Pothitos G, Deliveliotou A, Papadopoulos A. A rare case of human coronavirus 229E associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in a healthy adult. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2018 Apr 15;2018:6796839. .

  3. Kaiser L, Regamey N, Roiha H, Deffernez C, Frey U. Human coronavirus NL63 associated with lower respiratory tract symptoms in early life. Ped Infect Dis J. 2005 Nov 1;24(11):1015-7. .

  4. Zhang SF, Tuo JL, Huang XB, Zhu X, Zhang DM, Zhou K, Yuan L, Luo HJ, Zheng BJ, Yuen KY, Li MF. Epidemiology characteristics of human coronaviruses in patients with respiratory infection symptoms and phylogenetic analysis of HCoV-OC43 during 2010-2015 in Guangzhou. PLoS One. 2018 Jan 29;13(1):e0191789. .

  5. Friedman N, Alter H, Hindiyeh M, Mendelson E, Shemer Avni Y, Mandelboim M. Human coronavirus infections in Israel: Epidemiology, clinical symptoms and summer seasonality of HCoV-HKU1. Viruses. 2018 Oct;10(10):515. .

  6. Human Coronavirus Types [database on the Internet]. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. c2020 - [updated 2020 Feb 15; cited 2021 Jan xx]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/types.html. .

  7. Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun. 2020 May 1;109:102433. .

  8. Dowd JB, Andriano L, Brazel DM, Rotondi V, Block P, Ding X, Liu Y, Mills MC. Demographic science aids in understanding the spread and fatality rates of COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2020 May 5;117(18):9696-8. .

  9. Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, Crawford JM, McGinn T, Davidson KW, Barnaby DP, Becker LB, Chelico JD, Cohen SL, Cookingham J. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA. 2020 May 26;323(20):2052-9. .

  10. Guan WJ, Liang W-H, Zhao Y, Liang H-R, Chen Z-S, Li Y-M, Liu X-Q, Chen R-C, Tang C-L, Wang T, Ou C-Q, Li L, Chen P-Y, Sang L, Wang W, Li J-F, Li C-C, Ou L-M, Cheng B, Xiong S, Ni Z-Y, Xiang J, Hu Y, Liu L, Shang H, Lei C-L, Peng Y-X, Wei L, Yong L, Hu Y-H, Peng P, Wang J-M, Lui J-Y, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng Z-J, Qiu S-Q, Luo J, Ye C-J, Zhu S-Y, Cheng L-L, Ye F, Li S-Y, Zheng J-P, Zhang N-F, Zhong N-S, He J-X, China Medical Treatment Expert Group for COVID-19. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: A nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020 May 1;55(5):2000547. .

  11. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, Ren R, Leung KSM, Lau EHY, Wong JY, Xing X, Xiang N, Wu Y, Li C, Chen Q, Li D, Liu T, Zhao J, Liu M, Tu W, Chen C, Jin L, Yang R, Wang Q, Zhou S, Wang R, Liu H, Luo Y, Yuan L, Shao G, Li H, Tao Z, Yang Y, Deng Z, Liu B, Ma Z, Zhang Y, Shi G, Lam TTY, Wu JT, Gao GF, Cowling BJ, Yang B, Leung GM, Feng Z. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. New Engl J Med. 2020;382:1199-207. .

  12. Zhai P, Ding Y, Wu X, Long J, Zhong Y, Li Y. The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 May 1;55(5):105955. .

  13. Broughton JP, Deng X, Yu G, Fasching CL, Servellita V, Singh J, Miao X, Streithorst JA, Granados A, Sotomay-or-Gonzalez A, Zorn K. CRISPR-Cas12-based detection of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Biotechnol. 2020 Jul;38(7):870-4. .

  14. Freeman B, Lester S, Mills L, Rasheed MAU, Moye S, Abiona O, Hutchinson GB, Morales-Betoulle M, Krapinunaya I, Gibbons A, Chiang C-F, Cannon D, Klena J, Johnson JA, Owen SM, Graham BS, Corbett KS, Thornburg NJ. Validation of a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein ELISA for use in contact investigations and serosurveillance. bioRxiv. 2020 Apr 25. doi: 10.1101/2020.04.24.057323. .

  15. Dhama K, Sharun K, Tiwari R, Dadar M, Malik YS, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W. COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: Advances and prospects in designing and developing vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and therapeutics. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2020 Jun 2;16(6):1232-8. .

  16. Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, evaluation and treatment coronavirus (COVID-19). In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: Stat-Pearls Publ; 2021. .

  17. Chan JF-W, Kok K-H, Zhu Z, Chu H, To KK-W, Yuan S, Yuen K-Y. Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020 Jan 28;9(1):221-36. .

  18. Li Y, Guo F, Cao Y, Li L, Guo Y. Insight into COVID-2019 for pediatricians. Ped Pulmonol. 2020 May;55(5):E1-4. .

  19. Shen K, Yang Y, Wang T, Zhao D, Jiang Y, Jin R, Zheng Y, Xu B, Xie Z, Lin L, Shang Y. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: Experts' consensus statement. World J Ped. 2020 Jun;16(3):223-31. .

  20. Zaim S, Chong JH, Sankaranarayanan V, Harky A. COVID-19 and multiorgan response. Curr ProbL Cardiol. 2020 Aug; 45(8):100618. .

  21. Kuhn JH, Li W, Choe H, Farzan M. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: A functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004 Nov 1;61(21):2738-43. .

  22. Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si H-R, Zhu Y, Li B, Huang C-L, Chen H-D, Chen J, Luo Y, Guo H, Jiang R-D, Liu M-Q, Chen Y, Shen X-R, Wang X, Zhen X-S, Zhao K, Chen Q-J, Deng F, Liu L-L, Yan B, Zhan F-X, Wang Y-Y, Xiao G-F, Shi Z-L. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579:270-3. .

  23. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Kruger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Schiergens TS, Herrler G, Wu NH, Nitsche A, Muller MA. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020 Apr 16;181(2):271-80. .

  24. Salzberger B, Gluck T, Ehrenstein B. Successful containment of COVID-19: The WHO-report on the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Infection. 2020 Apr;48(2):151-3. .

  25. Liu D, Li L, Wu X, Zheng D, Wang J, Yang L, Zheng C. Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of women with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia: A preliminary analysis. Am J Roentgenol. 2020 Jul;215(1):127-32. .

  26. Vuille-dit-Bille RN, Camargo SM, Emmenegger L, Sasse T, Kummer E, Jando J, Hamie QM, Meier CF, Hunziker S, Forras-Kaufmann Z, Kuyumcu S. Human intestine luminal ACE2 and amino acid transporter expression increased by ACE-inhibitors. Amino Acids. 2015 Apr 1;47(4):693-705. .

  27. Gurwitz D. Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. Drug Dev Res. 2020 Aug;81(5):537-40. .

  28. Fischer S-C, Kohler K, Wenger A. Digital technologies in corona crisis management. Zurich, Switzerland: Center for Security Studies ETH Zurich; 2020. .

  29. Li J, Guo X. COVID-19 contact-tracing apps: A survey on the global deployment and challenges. Cornell University arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.03599 [cs.CR]. Comp Sci Cryptog Secur. 13 May 2020. .

  30. Tay MR, Low YL, Zhao X, Cook AR, Lee VJ. Comparison of infrared thermal detection systems for mass fever screening in a tropical healthcare setting. Publ Health. 2015 Nov 1;129(11):1471-8. .

  31. Li Y, Xia L. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Role of chest CT in diagnosis and management. Am J Roentgenol. 2020 Jun;214(6):1280-6. .

  32. To KK-W, Hung IF-N, Ip JD, Chu AW-H, Chan W-M, Tam AR, Fong CH-Y, Yuan S, Tsoi H-W, Ng AC-K, Lee LL-Y, Wan P, Tso E, To W-K, Tsang D, Chan K-H, Huang J-D, Kok K-H, Cheng VC-C, Yuen K-Y. COVID-19 re-infection by a phylogenetically distinct SARS-corona-virus-2 strain confirmed by whole genome sequencing. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 25;ciaa1275. doi: 10.1093/cid/ ciaa1275. .

  33. Jin YH, Cai L, Cheng ZS, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan YP, Fang C, Huang D, Huang LQ, Huang Q, Han Y. A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia. Mil Med Res. 2020 Dec;7(1):1-23. .

  34. Long C, Xu H, Shen Q, Zhang X, Fan B, Wang C, Zeng B, Li Z, Li X, Li H. Diagnosis of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): rRT-PCR or CT? Eur J Radiol. 2020 May 1;126:108961. .

  35. Zhao D, Yao F, Wang L, Zheng L, Gao Y, Ye J, Guo F, Zhao H, Gao R. A comparative study on the clinical features of COVID-19 pneumonia to other pneumonias. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 12. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa247. .

  36. Zhao D, Zheng FY, Guo YG, Gao HZ. A comparative study on the clinical features of COVID-19 pneumonia to other pneumonias; Clinical Infectious Diseases; Oxford Academic. Clinical Infectious Diseases. .

  37. Li Z, Yi Y, Luo X, Xiong N, Liu Y, Li S, Sun R, Wang Y, Hu B, Chen W, Zhang Y. Development and clinical application of a rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody test for SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis. J Med Virol. 2020 Sep;92(9):1518-24. .

  38. Capello F, Cipolla M, Cosco L, Gnasso A, Mancini R, Nichelatti M, Savo MT, Gaddi AV. The VivaDiag COVID-19 IgM/IgG rapid test for the screening and early diagnosis of COVID-19 in patients with no clinical signs of the disease. Int J Endocrinol Metab Disord. 2020;6(1). doi.org/10.16966/2380-548X.167. .

  39. Guo L, Ren L, Yang S, Xiao M, Chang D, Yang F, Dela Cruz CS, Wang Y, Wu C, Xiao Y, Zhang L. Profiling early humoral response to diagnose novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 28;71(15):778-85. .

  40. jmitra.co.in [homepage on the Internet]. New Delhi, India: J. Mitra & Co. Pvt. Ltd., c2020. COVID 19 (IGM + IGG + IGA) MICROLISA [cited 2020 Jul xx]. Available from: http://jmitra.co.in/services_details.aspx?id=73&name=-COVID%2019%20(IgM%20+%20IgG%20+%20 IgA)%20MICROLISA. .

  41. SD Biosensor [homepage on the Internet]. Gyeonggi-do, Korea: SD Biosensor. c2020. STANDARD Q COVID-19 Ag [cited in 2020 Jul xx]. Available from: http://sdbiosensor.com/xe/product/7672. .

  42. Makarova KS, Haft DH, Barrangou R, Brouns SJ, Charpentier E, Horvath P, Moineau S, Mojica FJ, Wolf YI, Yakunin AF, Van Der Oost J. Evolution and classification of the CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011 Jun;9(6):467-77. .

  43. Chen JS, Ma E, Harrington LB, Da Costa M, Tian X, Palefsky JM, Doudna JA. CRISPR-Cas12a target binding unleashes indiscriminate single-stranded DNase activity. Science. 2018 Apr 27;360(6387):436-9. .

  44. Myhrvold C, Freije CA, Gootenberg JS, Abudayyeh OO, Metsky HC, Durbin AF, Kellner MJ, Tan AL, Paul LM, Parham LA, Garcia KF. Field-deployable viral diagnostics using CRISPR-Cas13. Science. 2018 Apr 27;360(6387):444-8. .

  45. Clementi M, Menzo S, Bagnarelli P, Manzin A, Valenza A, Varaldo PE. Quantitative PCR and RT-PCR in virology. PCR Meth Appl. 1993 Feb 1;2:191. .

  46. Chan JF-W, Yip CC-Y, To KK-W, Tang TH-C, Wong SC-Y, Leung K-H, Fung AY-F, Ng AC-K, Zou Z, Tsoi HW, Tsoi H-W, Choi GK-Y, Tam AR, Cheng VC-C, Chan K-H, Tsang OT-Y, Yuen K-Y. Improved molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 by the novel, highly sensitive and specific COVID-19-RdRp/Hel real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay validated in vitro and with clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 2020 Apr 23;58(5):e00310-20. .

  47. Chen Y, Chen L, Deng Q, Zhang G, Wu K, Ni L, Yang Y, Liu B, Wang W, Wei C, Yang J. The presence of SARS- CoV-2 RNA in the feces of COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. 2020 Jul;92(7):833-40. .

  48. Chen C, Gao G, Xu Y, Pu L, Wang Q, Wang L, Wang W, Song Y, Chen M, Wang L, Yu F. SARS-CoV-2-positive sputum and feces after conversion of pharyngeal samples in patients with COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Jun 16;172(12):832-4. .

  49. Salathe M, Althaus CL, Neher R, Stringhini S, Hodcroft E, Fellay J, Zwahlen M, Senti G, Battegay M, Wilder-Smith A, Eckerle I, Egger M, Low N. COVID-19 Epidemic in Switzerland: On the importance of testing, contact tracing and isolation. Swiss Med Wkly. 2020 Mar 19;150:w20225. .

  50. Parmet WE, Sinha MS. COVID-19 the law and limits of quarantine. New Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 9;382(15):e28. .

  51. Ahmad T, Khan M, Khan FM, Hui J. Are we ready for the new fatal Coronavirus? Scenario of Pakistan. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2020 Mar 3;16(3):736-8. .

  52. Nakajima K, Kato H, Yamashiro T, Izumi T, Takeuchi I, Nakajima H, Utsunomiya D. COVID-19 Pneumonia: Infection control protocol inside computed tomography suites. Jpn J Radiol. 2020 May:398(5):391-3. .

  53. Li H, Wang YM, Xu JY, Cao B. Potential antiviral therapeutics for 2019 novel Coronavirus. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. Chinese J Tuberc Respir Dis. 2020 Feb 5;43(0):E002. .

  54. Baden LR, Rubin EJ. COVID-19 the search for effective therapy. New Engl J Med. 2020;382:1851-2. .

  55. Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, Ruan L, Song B, Cai Y, Wei M, Li X, Xia J, Chen N, Xiang J, Yu T, Bai T, Xie X, Zhang L, Li C, Yuan C, CHen H, Li H, Huang H, Tu S, Gong F, Liu Y, Wei Y, Dong C, Zhou F, Gu X, Xu J, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Li H, Shang L, Wang K, Li K, Zhou X, Dong X, Qu Z, Lu S, Hu X, Ruan S, Luo S, Wu J, Peng L, Chen F, Pan L, Zou J, Jua C, Wang J, Liu X, Wang S, Wu X, Ge Q, He J, Zhan H, Qiu F, Guo L, Huang C, Jaki T, Hayden FG, Hornby PW, Zhang D, Wang C. A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe COVID-19. New Engl J Med. 2020;382:1787-99. .

  56. Santosh KC. AI-driven tools for coronavirus outbreak: Need of active learning and cross-population train/test models on multitudinal/multimodal data. J Med Syst. 2020 May;44(5):1-5. .

  57. Mukherjee H, Ghosh S, Dhar A, Obaidullah SM, Santosh KC. Deep neural network to detect COVID-19: One architecture for both CT scans and chest X-rays. Appl Intell. 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s10489-020-01943-6. .

  58. Jamshidi M, Lalbakhsh A, Talla J, Peroutka Z, Hadjilooei F, Lalbakhsh P, Jamshidi M, La Spada L, Mirmozafari M, Dehghani M, Sabet A. Artificial intelligence and COVID-19: Deep learning approaches for diagnosis and treatment. IEEE Access. 2020 Jun 12;8:109581-95. .

  59. Graham RL, Donaldson EF, Baric RS. A decade after SARS: Strategies for controlling emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013 Dec;11(12):836-48. .

  60. Jiang S, He Y, Liu S. SARS Vaccine development. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 Jul;11(7):1016. .

  61. Du L, He Y, Zhou Y, Liu S, Zheng BJ, Jiang S. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-a target for vaccine and therapeutic development. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009 Mar;7(3):226-36. .

  62. Ji W, Wang W, Zhao X, Zai J, Li X. Homologous re-combination within the spike glycoprotein of the newly identified coronavirus may boost cross-species transmission from snake to human. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4). doi: 10.1002/jmv.25682. .

  63. Widjaja I, Wang C, van Haperen R, Gutierrez-Alvarez J, van Dieren B, Okba NM, Raj VS, Li W, Fernandez-Delgado R, Grosveld F, van Kuppeveld FJ. Towards a solution to MERS: Protective human monoclonal antibodies targeting different domains and functions of the MERS-coronavirus spike glycoprotein. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2019 Jan 1;8(1):516-30. .

  64. Lu H. Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Biosci Trends. 2020 Feb 29; 14(1):69-71. .

  65. Fan H-H, Wang L-Q, Liu W-L, An X-P, Liu Z-D, He X-Q, Song L-H, Tong Y-G. Repurposing of clinically approved drugs for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 in a 2019-novel coronavirus-related coronavirus model. Chin Med J. 2020 May 5;133(9):1051-6. .

  66. Baruah V, Bose S. Immunoinformatics-aided identification of T cell and B cell epitopes in the surface glycoprotein of 2019-nCoV. J Med Virol. 2020 May;92(5):495-500. .

  67. Cohen J. New coronavirus threat galvanizes scientists. Science. 2020 Jan 31;367(6477): 492-3. .

  68. Kumar V, Jung Y-S, Liang P-H. Anti-SARS coronavirus agents: A patent review (2008-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2013 Oct 1;23(10):1337-48. .

  69. Li G, De Clercq E. Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Nature Rev Drug Disc. 2020 Mar;19(3):149-50. .

ЦИТИРОВАНО В
  1. Asada Ken, Komatsu Masaaki, Shimoyama Ryo, Takasawa Ken, Shinkai Norio, Sakai Akira, Bolatkan Amina, Yamada Masayoshi, Takahashi Satoshi, Machino Hidenori, Kobayashi Kazuma, Kaneko Syuzo, Hamamoto Ryuji, Application of Artificial Intelligence in COVID-19 Diagnosis and Therapeutics, Journal of Personalized Medicine, 11, 9, 2021. Crossref

  2. Moskvicheva Svetkana, Novoseltsev Svyatoslav, Manual therapy capabilities for medical rehabilitation of post-COVID syndrome, Manual Therapy, 2022, 2, 2022. Crossref

  3. Pang Xue meng, Peng Zhao yun, Zheng Xin, Shi Jing jing, Zhou Bao chen, Analysis of research hotspots in COVID-19 genomics based on citespace software: Bibliometric analysis, Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 12, 2022. Crossref

6610 Просмотры статей 3500 Загрузка статей Метрики
6610 ПРОСМОТРЫ 3500 ЗАГРУЗКИ 3 Crossref ЦИТАТЫ Google
Scholar
ЦИТАТЫ

Статьи с похожим содержанием:

Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus with the Help of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology Critical Reviews™ in Eukaryotic Gene Expression, Vol.30, 2020, issue 3
Akhtar Rasul, Muhammad Imran Qadir, Muhammad Shahid Iqbal, Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash, Bilal Ahmed, Sadaf Noor
Diagnostic Modalities for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2: Principles, Advantages, and Pitfalls Critical Reviews™ in Biomedical Engineering, Vol.48, 2020, issue 4
Suresh Anand BS, Ilamaran M, Jonath Sujan, Ashwin Kumar N
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Research, Clinical Knowledge, and Preventive Measures Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, Vol.40, 2021, issue 1
Richa Rathor, Bhuvnesh Kumar, Geetha Suryakumar, Som Nath Singh
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Pharmacogenomics in Clinical Practice: Relevance of HIV-1 Drug Resistance Testing (Part 1) Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, Vol.22, 2003, issue 3
Nancy G. Klimas, Margaret Marchette, Charles Mitchell, Eduardo Meneses Sierra, Alejandro Isava, Dushyantha Jayaweera, Enriqueta Nunez, J. Brian Page, Gwendolyn Scott, Roberto Patarca, Nelson J. Rodriguez, Mary Ann Fletcher, Delia Rivera, Michael Kolber, Mirtha M. Sanabia, Rafael Campo, Cindy W. Mask, Jose Moreno, Michael Alter, Ricardo Vallejo, Catherine Boulanger
A Review of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients with COVID-19 Critical Reviews™ in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Vol.32, 2020, issue 4
Aswini Kumar Mohapatra, Narayansamy Sanjai, Febi Ann Roy, Vyshak Uddur Surendra
Портал Begell Электронная Бибилиотека e-Книги Журналы Справочники и Сборники статей Коллекции Цены и условия подписки Begell House Контакты Language English 中文 Русский Português German French Spain